Lecture #9Project Quality Management

Quality Processes-Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Ghazala Amin

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Focusing on customers is not just

a quality issue in any project;

it is sound business practice.

Customer Satisfaction translates directly into increased profits.

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WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO MEET CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS?

• Needs of customers have to be met• Understanding of one’s customers leads to

customer satisfaction• Japanese relate quality to customer satisfaction

Inadequate internal facilities

Poorly designed processes

Poor Quality Project

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Quality Assurance

• The process of evaluating overall project performance on a regular basis to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards.

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QUALITY ASSURANCE

• Any action directed towards providing consumers with products (goods & services) of appropriate quality

THERE ARE NO FACTS ONLY INTERPRETATIONS

-FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE

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Quality Control• Quality Control is the process of monitoring

specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards

• The organizational unit that is assigned responsibility for quality control.

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Quality Assurance vs Quality Control

Reference: Dr. Harold Kerzner’s PROJECT MANAGEMENT A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO PLANNING, SCHEDULING, AND CONTROLLING Page 988 and 989: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

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Quality Assurance• The organizational unit –”Quality Assurance” team that is

assigned the responsibility for assuring quality.

– Internal quality assurance: • assurance is provided to the project management

team and to the management team of the performing organization.

– External quality assurance: • assurance is provided to the customer and others not

actively involved in the work of the project.

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Quality Assurance• Quality assurance is the planned and systematic

activities implemented within the quality system to provide confidence that the project will satisfy relevant quality standards

• Project Manager can have greatest impact on the quality of his project by establishing process and procedures to assure that scope statement conforms to the actual requirement of the customer.

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Quality Assurance - Inputs

• Some mandatory inputs to quality assurance should be;– Quality management plan

• Quality management plan should be used as a road map to guide the QA team with enforcing processes and procedures.

– Results of quality control measurements• records of quality control testing and measurement in

a format for comparison and analysis.

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Quality Audit

• The method most commonly employed for enforcing the Quality Assurance process is;

– Quality audits• A structured review of all quality management

activities.

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Quality Audit

• The objective of a quality audit is to identify lessons learned that can improve performance of this project or of other projects within the performing organization.

• May be scheduled or random; may be carried out by trained in-house auditors or by third parties such as quality system registration agencies.

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Quality Assurance - Output• Quality Assurance Audits results in;

– Quality improvement• Includes taking action to increase the effectiveness

and efficiency of the project to provide added benefits to the project stakeholders.

• In most cases will require preparation of change requests or taking corrective action and will be handled according to the procedures for integrated change control.

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Table 8-1. Table of Contents for a Quality Assurance Plan*

*U.S. Department of Energy

1.0 Draft Quality Assurance Plan1.1 Introduction1.2 Purpose1.3 Policy Statement1.4 Scope

2.0 Management2.1 Organizational Structure2.2 Roles and Responsibilities

2.2.1 Technical Monitor/Senior Management

2.2.2 Task Leader2.2.3 Quality Assurance Team2.2.4 Technical Staff

3.0 Required Documentation

4.0 Quality Assurance Procedures4.1 Walkthrough Procedure4.2 Review Process

4.2.1 Review Procedures4.3 Audit Process

4.3.1 Audit Procedures4.4 Evaluation Process4.5 Process Improvement

5.0 Problem Reporting Procedures5.1 Noncompliance Reporting Procedures

6.0 Quality Assurance MetricsAppendixQuality Assurance Checklist Forms

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Quality Control

• Technique to Control & Check Quality

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Quality Control• Quality Control is the process of monitoring

specific project results to determine if they comply with relevant quality standards

• The organizational unit that is assigned responsibility for quality control.

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Quality Control• Quality control involves monitoring specific project

results to determine if they comply with relevant standards and identifying ways to eliminate causes of unsatisfactory results

• Project Team members with specific technical expertise setup process and procedures to ensure each step of project provides quality output from design and development through implementation and maintenance.

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Quality Control

• Some Inputs to the Quality Control Process are;– Work results– Quality management plan– Operational definitions– Checklists

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Quality Control

• Some Tools & Techniques used are;– Inspection– Control charts– Pareto diagram– Statistical sampling– Flowcharting– Trend analysis

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Quality Control

• Inspection:– Includes activities such as measuring, examining,

and testing undertaken to determine whether results conform to requirements.

– May be conducted at any level (e.g., the results of a single activity may be inspected or the final project product).

– May be called reviews, product reviews, audits, and walkthroughs.

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Quality Control - Outputs• Results in;

– Quality improvement– Acceptance decisions

• Decisions to either accept or reject the inspected items.

• Rejected items may require rework.

– Rework

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Quality Control - Outputs• What is Rework?

– Rework• Action taken to bring a defective or nonconforming

item into• compliance with requirements or specifications.

Rework, especially• unanticipated, is a frequent cause of project overruns

in most application areas.• The project team should make every reasonable effort

to minimize rework.

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Quality Control – Outputs

–Process adjustments• Immediate corrective or preventive

action as a result of

• quality control measurements. In some cases, the process adjustment may

• need to be handled according to procedures for integrated change control.

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Scope Verification vs Quality Control

– Scope Verification• Scope verification is primarily concerned with the

acceptance of work results

– Quality control • Quality Control is primarily concerned with the

correctness of work results.