Lecture 8 - Maritime routes and inland waterways.ppt

7/21/2019 Lecture 8 - Maritime routes and inland waterways.ppt

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Maritime CanalsMaritime Canals

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Canals and WaterwaysCanals and Waterways

Geographical position and economic importance ofGeographical position and economic importance ofinland waterways in the shipping industryinland waterways in the shipping industry

Recently changed its importance due to the introductionRecently changed its importance due to the introductionof larger capacity vessels with deeper draught, such asof larger capacity vessels with deeper draught, such asthe mammoth oil tankers and container shipsthe mammoth oil tankers and container ships canalscanalsmust keep pace with the new developmentmust keep pace with the new development

physical ability to accept modern tonnage currently orphysical ability to accept modern tonnage currently orpotentially available such as in the Suez and Panamapotentially available such as in the Suez and PanamaCanalsCanals

The growth in the Asian trade, especially China, hasThe growth in the Asian trade, especially China, hasstimulated continuous modernization of the Suez andstimulated continuous modernization of the Suez andPanama canals to attract the latest generation of largerPanama canals to attract the latest generation of largerPanamax and Suezmax tonnagePanamax and Suezmax tonnage

The key to ship management is flexibility and theThe key to ship management is flexibility and thepresence of major waterways voyage route options.presence of major waterways voyage route options.



European inland waterwaysEuropean inland waterways

Europe region is focused particularly on theEurope region is focused particularly on theports of Rotterdam, Hamburg, Antwerp andports of Rotterdam, Hamburg, Antwerp andDunkerque and their connecting inlandDunkerque and their connecting inlandwaterway systems which penetrate southwardswaterway systems which penetrate southwards

30% of the ports transshipment cargoes30% of the ports transshipment cargoesconveyed on the inland waterway networkconveyed on the inland waterway network

Mainly in bulk commodities. It is increasingMainly in bulk commodities. It is increasingvolume of containerized goods and vehicularvolume of containerized goods and vehicular

merchandise as well.merchandise as well.Rotterdam is a key hub in the barge networkRotterdam is a key hub in the barge networkand is served by 25,000 km of navigable inlandand is served by 25,000 km of navigable inlandwaterways.waterways.



European inland container terminals in 2003European inland container terminals in 2003



European inland waterwaysEuropean inland waterways

Rotterdam is served by over 30 inland waterwayRotterdam is served by over 30 inland waterway

operators, running over 120 scheduled containeroperators, running over 120 scheduled containerservices to 70 industrial centres spread over theservices to 70 industrial centres spread over theentire heartland of Europe.entire heartland of Europe.

The traffic volume:The traffic volume:

Between northern Germany and Rotterdam is about 25Between northern Germany and Rotterdam is about 25million tons of cargo travel by barge annuallymillion tons of cargo travel by barge annually

90 million tons over the north–south axis (Netherlands90 million tons over the north–south axis (Netherlandsincluding Rotterdam, Belgium including Antwerp, andincluding Rotterdam, Belgium including Antwerp, andFrance)France)

8 million tons between the Netherlands and France8 million tons between the Netherlands and France

17 million tons on the Mosel and Saar.17 million tons on the Mosel and Saar.

The main inland waterway in Europe is theThe main inland waterway in Europe is theRhine–Main–Danube (RMD) canal.Rhine–Main–Danube (RMD) canal.



RMD CanalRMD Canal

The Rhine–Main–Danube (RMD) canal is opened inThe Rhine–Main–Danube (RMD) canal is opened in

1992. Its length is 3,500 km between the North Sea and1992. Its length is 3,500 km between the North Sea andthe Black Sea and serves nine East and West Europeanthe Black Sea and serves nine East and West Europeancountriescountries

RMD route runs through Holland and Germany toRMD route runs through Holland and Germany toMainz and up the Mainz to Bamberg, the northern canalMainz and up the Mainz to Bamberg, the northern canal

entranceentranceOn the other side of the Franconian Jura, the canal joinsOn the other side of the Franconian Jura, the canal joinsthe Danube at Kelheim.the Danube at Kelheim.

The river flows through Austria, clips the formerThe river flows through Austria, clips the formerCzechoslovakia and continues south through HungaryCzechoslovakia and continues south through Hungary

and the former Yugoslavia.and the former Yugoslavia.In east, the canal forms the border between Bulgaria andIn east, the canal forms the border between Bulgaria andRomania before turning north to touch on Romania, theRomania before turning north to touch on Romania, thesouthern tip of the CIS and finally empties itself into thesouthern tip of the CIS and finally empties itself into theBlack Sea.Black Sea.



Main inland waterway (RMD) in EuropeMain inland waterway (RMD) in Europe



Main inland waterways in Germany. RMD Canal is #4 on the mapMain inland waterways in Germany. RMD Canal is #4 on the map



A view of RMD Canal (see the arrow) nearA view of RMD Canal (see the arrow) nearNurembergNuremberg



The Kiel Canal (Germany)The Kiel Canal (Germany)

The Kiel Canal connects the river Elbe atThe Kiel Canal connects the river Elbe atBrunsbüttel with Kiel Fjord at Kiel-Holtenau.Brunsbüttel with Kiel Fjord at Kiel-Holtenau.

Local name:Local name:Nord-Ostsee-KanalNord-Ostsee-Kanal, NOK, NOK

Total distance of about 100 km.Total distance of about 100 km.Open 24 hours per day.Open 24 hours per day.

Passage time of 6.5-8.5 hours, depending onPassage time of 6.5-8.5 hours, depending onship size and traffic density.ship size and traffic density.

Average saving of about 250 nautical milesAverage saving of about 250 nautical milescompared with the Skaw route.compared with the Skaw route.



The Kiel CanalThe Kiel Canal

Vessels of up to 9.5 m draught are permitted,Vessels of up to 9.5 m draught are permitted,with a length of 160 m and beam of 27 m or 193with a length of 160 m and beam of 27 m or 193m length and 20 m beam.m length and 20 m beam.

Pilotage is compulsory for vessels over 2,500Pilotage is compulsory for vessels over 2,500GRT or beam in excess of 15 meters.GRT or beam in excess of 15 meters.

Annual traffic growth is continuous. In 2003:Annual traffic growth is continuous. In 2003:40,000 vessels or 111 million GRT. In 2007:40,000 vessels or 111 million GRT. In 2007:

43,000 vessels.43,000 vessels.

Average traffic of 105 vessels per day.Average traffic of 105 vessels per day.



The position of the Kiel canalThe position of the Kiel canal




Views of the Kiel canalViews of the Kiel canal




The Suez Canal (Egypt)The Suez Canal (Egypt)

The Suez Canal links the Mediterranean Sea to theThe Suez Canal links the Mediterranean Sea to the

Red Sea.Red Sea.Opened for international navigation in 1869.Opened for international navigation in 1869.

Overall the canal’s length is 195 km from Port Said toOverall the canal’s length is 195 km from Port Said toIsmailia to Port Tewfik.Ismailia to Port Tewfik.

Maximum permitted draught of ships is 62 ftMaximum permitted draught of ships is 62 ft Suezmax.Suezmax.

Maximum permitted tonnage is 210,000 dwt.Maximum permitted tonnage is 210,000 dwt.

Suez canal is the longest canal without locks in theSuez canal is the longest canal without locks in the

world and is navigable both day and night.world and is navigable both day and night.

The canal is run in a convoy system to transit at aThe canal is run in a convoy system to transit at afixed speed and a fixed separation distance betweenfixed speed and a fixed separation distance betweentwo passing ships.two passing ships.



Suez CanalSuez Canal

Pilotage is compulsory and speed limits varyPilotage is compulsory and speed limits vary

from 13 kmh to 14 kmh according to thefrom 13 kmh to 14 kmh according to thecategory and tonnage of ships.category and tonnage of ships.

A ship needs 12-15 hours to transit the canalA ship needs 12-15 hours to transit the canal

76 ships per day to pass through the canal76 ships per day to pass through the canalFrom 195 km, 78 km is passing loops (located atFrom 195 km, 78 km is passing loops (located atPort Said bypass, Ballah bypass, Timsah bypassPort Said bypass, Ballah bypass, Timsah bypassand finally Deversoir bypass and the Bitterand finally Deversoir bypass and the Bitter

Lanes area).Lanes area).The canal uses electronic vessel trafficThe canal uses electronic vessel trafficmanagement system using a radar network tomanagement system using a radar network toensure safety of transit for vessels.ensure safety of transit for vessels.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-8-maritime-routes-and-inland-waterwaysppt 16/27Map of Suez canalMap of Suez canal




Old map and old picture of Suez canalOld map and old picture of Suez canal




Current map and pictures of Suez canalCurrent map and pictures of Suez canal




Saving in distance, Suez Canal and CapeSaving in distance, Suez Canal and Cape




The Panama Canal (Panama)The Panama Canal (Panama)

Managed by the Panama Canal AuthorityManaged by the Panama Canal Authority

(PCA), an autonomous entity of the government(PCA), an autonomous entity of the governmentof Panamaof Panama..

The canalThe canallinks the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Length: 48-mile (77.1 km)Length: 48-mile (77.1 km)It has 3 locks at each end to lift ships up to LakeIt has 3 locks at each end to lift ships up to LakeGatun (85 feet or 26 m above sea-level).Gatun (85 feet or 26 m above sea-level).

Work on the canal, which began in 1881 byWork on the canal, which began in 1881 by

French, was completed in 1914 by The US.French, was completed in 1914 by The US.

Transferred from the United States’ stewardshipTransferred from the United States’ stewardshipon 31 December 1999 in accordance with theon 31 December 1999 in accordance with thePanama Canal Treaty of 1977.Panama Canal Treaty of 1977.



The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

The canal modernization program started inThe canal modernization program started in

2000: the widening of the Gaillard Cut, the2000: the widening of the Gaillard Cut, thenarrowest stretch of the canal – and beyond,narrowest stretch of the canal – and beyond,allowing two-way Panamax traffic for the firstallowing two-way Panamax traffic for the firsttime.time.

It uses enhanced vessel traffic managementIt uses enhanced vessel traffic managementsystem (EVMS).system (EVMS).

Sailing from the east coast of the United States toSailing from the east coast of the United States to Japan via the Panama Canal saves about 3,000 Japan via the Panama Canal saves about 3,000

milesmiles1,000 ships when it opened in 1914 (14,7021,000 ships when it opened in 1914 (14,702vessels in 2008).vessels in 2008).

Two post-panamax locks: Gatun & MirafloresTwo post-panamax locks: Gatun & Miraflores



Map o the Panama CanalMap o the Panama Canal



Panama Canal and !ld "o#$ SystemPanama Canal and !ld "o#$ System



Construction of the 3Construction of the 3rdrd set of locksset of locks



%ew "o#$ System at Panama Canal%ew "o#$ System at Panama Canal



&eatures o the %ew "o#$ System&eatures o the %ew "o#$ System



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Lecture 8 - Maritime routes and inland waterways.ppt