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Lecture 7. Astro 1001 6/13/07. Jovian Planets Overview. Much larger than terrestrial planets Jupiter is over 300x more massive than Earth About 1/5 of the density of Earth We know a lot about the planets now Pioneer and Voyager visits in the 70s Recently, Galileo and Cassini visits. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Lecture 7
Astro 1001
6/13/07
Jovian Planets Overview• Much larger than terrestrial
planets– Jupiter is over 300x more
massive than Earth
– About 1/5 of the density of Earth
• We know a lot about the planets now– Pioneer and Voyager visits
in the 70s
– Recently, Galileo and Cassini visits
Composition
• Jupiter and Saturn are almost entirely hydrogen and helium– Jupiter is often called a “failed
star”
• Uranus and Neptune are smaller, contain much less hydrogen and helium– Made up of hydrogen
compounds
• Why are they different sizes?
Planets and Pillows
• Difference between densities in Neptune and Uranus vs Saturn and Jupiter should now be obvious
• Size is not necessarily an indication of mass– More mass compresses things more, increasing
density but not planetary radius
Rotation Rates
• Jovian planets rotate very quickly– Difficult to measure
• Fast rotation makes the planets bulge– Saturn’s equator is about
10% wider than its poles
– Extra equatorial material keeps moons and rings aligned with bulge
The Interior• We can say things
about the interior of jovian planets because of experiments and computer simulations
• Interior is very dense and hot– Galileo dropped
probe that only survived for 200 km
The Other Jovian Planets
• Saturn is very similar to Jupiter
• Uranus and Neptune don’t have metallic or liquid layers, although their cores might be liquid
Internal Heat
• Jupiter emits about twice as much energy as it gets from the Sun
• Cannot be accounted for by accretion, differentiation
• Heat is probably coming from gravitational contraction
• Neptune is a bit mysterious
Weather and Clouds• Jovian planets are typically
colorful due to their clouds– We see lots of methane,
ammonia, water bands
• Jupiter has similar layers to what the Earth has
• Neptune and Uranus have different behaviors and can form methane snow
Color and Winds• Trace amounts of chemicals
produce the colors and Saturn and Jupiter– Saturn has more subdued colors
because its clouds are lower
• Methane is responsible for the bluishness of Uranus and Neptune
• Stripes on Jupiter due to Coriolis effect
• Great Red Spot is a giant hurricane
Magnetic Fields• The jovian planets all have
magnetic fields– Jupiter’s magnetic field is
20,000 stronger than Earth’s– Jupiter has very spectacular
aurora– Causes atmospheres on the
moons
• Neptune and Uranus have odd magnetic fields in that they aren’t aligned with the poles
Moons
• All of the jovian planets have moons (and rings)– Jupiter has over 60 moons– Ganymede and Titan are larger than Mercury– Lots of ice– Larger moons probably formed near the planets– Smaller moons are probably captured asteroids
Io
• Most volcanically active world in the solar system
• Shoots some of its volcanic materials into space
• Tidal heating is why Io is so active
Europa
• Covered by water ice
• Interior might be water or convecting ice
• Magnetic field data indicates its probably liquid water
• Might be heat sources beneath the surface
Group Work
• Europa is a fascination moon that has a fairly strong chance for supporting life. However, NASA no longer has any plans to visit it with a probe. Why do you think there are no plans to visit Europa?
Ganymede and Callisto
• Ganymede– Largest moon in the solar system
– Has both young and old features
– Features probably erased due to liquid water welling up
• Callisto– Heavily cratered
– No significant internal heat
Titan
• Second largest moon in the solar system
• Atmosphere is very thick– Mostly nitrogen
– No oxygen, but lots of hydrogen compounds
– Created by the surface sublimation or evaporating
• Recently explored with the Huygens probe
Triton
• Coldest world in the solar system
• Almost certainly captured
• Probably had past geological activity
Rings• Made up of countless
small particles• Particles are icy in nature• Might be thinnest known
astronomical structure• Rings have gaps
– Might be because of shepherd moons
– Might be because of orbital resonances
Other Ring Systems
• Other ring systems are much darker, smaller
• Always go about the planet’s equator
• Uranus’s rings are slightly tilted, elliptical
How Did the Rings Form?
• Large planets have enough gravity to rip things apart that get too close– Difficult to explain why this would frequently
happen
• Rings were formed from leftover material, but are resupplied from the moons of the planets
Asteroids
• Small rocky bodies– Discovered only about 200 years ago– Took 50 years to discover the first 10– 150,000 known asteroids now
• Ceres is the largest, under 1000km in diameter
• Total mass is probably less than that of the moon
Asteroids Continued
• Shape depends on mass
• Thousands of asteroids have been analyzed through spectroscopy– Made up of metal and
rock, with perhaps a big of ice
• Asteroids vary greatly in density
The Asteroid Belt
• Vast majority of asteroid are in the asteroid belt– Individual asteroids
are separated by millions of kilometers
• Jupiter’s gravity causes two groups of asteroids called Trojan Asteroids
Meteorites
• Meteors are just particles coming through the atmosphere– Usually around pea sized
objects
• Meteorites actually hit the ground– Can tell use a great deal
about how the solar system formed
Types of Meteorites
• Primitive– Very old (4.6 billion years old)– Are made up of stone, or a combination of
stone and carbon compounds
• Processed– Were once a part of another object– Can be made of metals, or rock
Comets• Comets formed outside of the
frost line– Thus, are made up of lots of ice
• Comets do not race across the sky
• Vast majority of comets do not have tails and never get anywhere close to Earth
• Some comets are knocked into the inner solar system by various sources of gravity
Composition
• Made up of chunks of ice mixed with rocky dust and complex chemicals– “Dirty snowballs”
• Starting to get more and more details about comets– Deep Impact
– Stardust
Structure of a Comet• Nucleus is the actual icy core
– Typically about 20km across
• Might have a dusty atmosphere called a Coma
• Two tails– Plasma tail consists of the
gasses escaping the comet
– Dust tail is made up of dust sized particles
Where Do Comets Come From?
• Left over material was flung far out into the solar system by the gravity from the jovian planets
• This lead to the Oort Cloud
• Slightly beyond the solar system, remnants stayed put and formed the Kuiper Belt
Big Icy Things• Lots of Pluto type objects
in the Kuiper belt– Perhaps 1000s of km in
diameter– “Xena” (Eris) is a good
example– Not really comets
• These objects are very cold, but might have atmospheres
• Will be visited by a probe in a decade or so
Collisions• In 1994, a comet whacked
into Jupiter– Each fragment had the
energy of a million H-bombs
• A massive collision is probably (at least partly) responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs– A layer of irridium was the
initial evidence– Later found the Chicxulub
crater
Do We Have to Worry?
• We witnessed a probably collision in 1908– Had the force of
several atomic bombs– No more than 40
meters across
• The asteroid Apophis will pass very close to Earth soon