Lecture # 5 Lecture # 5

Anthropometry and Product Anthropometry and Product DevelopmentDevelopment

Anthropometry…Anthropometry…

Anthropometry is the branch of the Anthropometry is the branch of the human sciences that deals with body human sciences that deals with body measurements measurements

Anthropometry…Anthropometry…

Branch of ergonomics deals with Branch of ergonomics deals with shape and size of human body. shape and size of human body. (Science of body measurements)(Science of body measurements)

Anthropometry…Anthropometry…

The field that involves the The field that involves the measurement of the dimensions and measurement of the dimensions and other physical characteristics of other physical characteristics of people and the application of this people and the application of this information to the design of things information to the design of things

Anthropometric Study ?Anthropometric Study ?

User populationUser population Relevant body measurementsRelevant body measurements Weather you are designing for Weather you are designing for

average or extremesaverage or extremes Other human factors.Other human factors.

User populationUser population

Anthropometry tables give Anthropometry tables give measurements of different body measurements of different body parts for men and women, and split parts for men and women, and split into different nationalities, and age into different nationalities, and age groups, from babies to the elderly. So groups, from babies to the elderly. So first of all you need to know exactly first of all you need to know exactly whowho you are designing for you are designing for. The group . The group of people you are designing for is of people you are designing for is called the called the user populationuser population. .

User populationUser population

If you were designing a mini-skirt , If you were designing a mini-skirt , you would need to consider you would need to consider dimensions for women of Europe, dimensions for women of Europe, Australia or America and not those Australia or America and not those from Pakistan. Also your don’t need from Pakistan. Also your don’t need to concentrate on dimensions of to concentrate on dimensions of males males

Relevant body measurementsRelevant body measurements

On next step you need to know On next step you need to know which which parts of the bodyparts of the body are relevant to your are relevant to your design. design.

For example, if you were designing a For example, if you were designing a trouser, you would need to consider trouser, you would need to consider the waist, hips and length of the waist, hips and length of garment. You wouldn't be too garment. You wouldn't be too interested in the weight of the user interested in the weight of the user or the bust/chest measurement. or the bust/chest measurement.

Weather you are designing for Weather you are designing for average or extremes?average or extremes?

Let's break the news - Let's break the news - nobody is nobody is 'average''average' in all body dimensions. in all body dimensions. Someone might be say, of average Someone might be say, of average height but have a longer than height but have a longer than average hand length. average hand length.

Try It !Try It ! Try it for yourself! Measure your own height Try it for yourself! Measure your own height

when you are standing up straight (without when you are standing up straight (without shoes), and measure the length of your hand shoes), and measure the length of your hand from your wrist to the tip of your middle finger.from your wrist to the tip of your middle finger.Look up the 'average' heights and hand Look up the 'average' heights and hand lengths for your age in the table below and lengths for your age in the table below and compare your own measurements. Are you compare your own measurements. Are you taller or shorter than average for your age taller or shorter than average for your age group? Are your hands longer or shorter than group? Are your hands longer or shorter than average?average?

Height Hand Length

Age Girls Boys Girls Boys

11 1440 1430 155 155

12 1500 1490 165 165

13 1550 1550 175 190

14 1590 1630 175 190

15 1610 1690 180 195

16 1620 1730 180 195

17 1620 1750 180 200

18 1620 1760 180 200

Percentiles…Percentiles…

For example, if we were designing a For example, if we were designing a doorway using the height, shoulder width, doorway using the height, shoulder width, hip width etc., of an average person, then hip width etc., of an average person, then half the people using the doorway would half the people using the doorway would be taller than the average, and half would be taller than the average, and half would be wider. Since the tallest people are not be wider. Since the tallest people are not necessarily the widest, more than half the necessarily the widest, more than half the users would have to bend down or turn users would have to bend down or turn sideways to get through the doorway. sideways to get through the doorway. Therefore, in this case we would need to Therefore, in this case we would need to design using dimensions of the widest and design using dimensions of the widest and tallest people to ensure that everyone tallest people to ensure that everyone could walk through normally. could walk through normally.

Continue…Continue…

Deciding whether to use the 5th, Deciding whether to use the 5th, 50th or 95th percentile value 50th or 95th percentile value depends on depends on whatwhat you are designing you are designing and and whowho you are designing it for. you are designing it for.

Usually, you will find that if you pick the Usually, you will find that if you pick the right percentile, 95% of people will be able right percentile, 95% of people will be able to use your design. For instance, if you to use your design. For instance, if you were choosing a door height, you would were choosing a door height, you would choose the dimension of people's height choose the dimension of people's height (often called 'stature' in anthropometry (often called 'stature' in anthropometry tables) and pick the 95th percentile value tables) and pick the 95th percentile value – in other words, you would design for the – in other words, you would design for the taller people. You wouldn't need to worry taller people. You wouldn't need to worry about the average height people, or the about the average height people, or the 5th percentile ones – they would be able 5th percentile ones – they would be able to fit through the door anyway. to fit through the door anyway.

At the other end of the scale, if you At the other end of the scale, if you were designing an automobile gear, were designing an automobile gear, and needed to make sure everyone and needed to make sure everyone could reach it easily, you would could reach it easily, you would choose 5th percentile arm length – choose 5th percentile arm length – because the people with the short because the people with the short arms are the ones who are most arms are the ones who are most challenging to design for. If they challenging to design for. If they could reach the control, everyone could reach the control, everyone else (with longer arms) would be able else (with longer arms) would be able to. to.

What is it that you are aiming for with your design?

Design examples:Examples of measurements to consider:

Users that your design should accommodate: 

Easy reach Vehicle dashboards,Shelving

Arm length,Shoulder height

Smallest user: 5th percentile

Adequate clearance to avoid unwanted contact or trapping

Manholes,Cinema seats

Shoulder or hip width,Thigh length

Largest user: 95th percentile

A good match between the user and the product

Seats,Cycle helmets,Pushchairs

Knee-floor height, Head circumference, Weight

Maximum range: 5th to 95th percentile

A comfortable and safe posture

Lawnmowers,Monitor positions,Work surface heights

Elbow height,Sitting eye height,Elbow height (sitting or standing?)

Maximum range: 5th to 95th percentile

Easy operation Screw bottle tops,Door handles,Light switches

Grip strength,Hand width,Height

Smallest or weakest user: 5th percentile

To ensure that an item can't be reached or operated

Machine guarding mesh,Distance of railings from hazard

Finger width

Arm length

Smallest user: 5th percentileLargest user: 95th percentile

Sometimes you can't accommodate all your Sometimes you can't accommodate all your users because there are conflicting solutions users because there are conflicting solutions to your design. In this case, you will have to to your design. In this case, you will have to make a judgment about what is the most make a judgment about what is the most important feature. You must never important feature. You must never compromise safety though, and if there is a compromise safety though, and if there is a real risk of injury, you may have to use more real risk of injury, you may have to use more extreme percentiles (1%ile or 99%ile or extreme percentiles (1%ile or 99%ile or more) to make sure that everyone is more) to make sure that everyone is protected (not just 95% of people). Can you protected (not just 95% of people). Can you see that in the last section of the table see that in the last section of the table above, 1%ile and 99%ile would be safer? above, 1%ile and 99%ile would be safer?

Other human factorsOther human factors

You may need to add corrections for You may need to add corrections for clothing. Have you allowed for shoe clothing. Have you allowed for shoe heights? You generally add 20mm for fairly heights? You generally add 20mm for fairly flat shoes, and more if you think users will flat shoes, and more if you think users will be wearing high heels. If your product is to be wearing high heels. If your product is to be used somewhere cold, can it still be be used somewhere cold, can it still be used if someone is wearing gloves or other used if someone is wearing gloves or other bulky clothing? bulky clothing?

We mentioned strength in the table above We mentioned strength in the table above (did you notice?). It is important to take (did you notice?). It is important to take the strength of your users into account, as the strength of your users into account, as well as the environmental conditions and well as the environmental conditions and the space they have to perform tasks. the space they have to perform tasks.

Other human factorsOther human factors If you were designing tools for changing car If you were designing tools for changing car

wheels, for example, it's more than likely wheels, for example, it's more than likely that they would have to be used in cold and that they would have to be used in cold and wet weather. People need to grip harder if wet weather. People need to grip harder if their hands are wet and cold, and they their hands are wet and cold, and they need to exert more force to carry out tasks need to exert more force to carry out tasks than they would if they were warm and dry. than they would if they were warm and dry.

You may also need to consider people's You may also need to consider people's eyesight and hearing abilities. Can they eyesight and hearing abilities. Can they read the small labels on the remote control read the small labels on the remote control that you've designed? Is there enough light that you've designed? Is there enough light to read them by? Can they hear an alarm to read them by? Can they hear an alarm bell above the general noise in the room? bell above the general noise in the room?

Product Development…Product Development…

To create something newTo create something new

Product development in industry…Product development in industry…

Redevelopment of a product by Redevelopment of a product by analysis.analysis.

Functions…Functions…

To analyze and classify the productsTo analyze and classify the products To develop samples taking the To develop samples taking the

organization’s capacity under organization’s capacity under considerationconsideration

To provide Technical information To provide Technical information and support to the production.and support to the production.

Co-ordination b/w marketing and Co-ordination b/w marketing and production.production.

Ensure schedules and commitments Ensure schedules and commitments with minimum rework.with minimum rework.

Improvements…Improvements…

Increasing rate of success of first Increasing rate of success of first sample at maximum levelsample at maximum level

Ensuring quality and timely delivery Ensuring quality and timely delivery of samples to the customerof samples to the customer

Reducing cost of development Reducing cost of development

Sample types…Sample types…

Different type of samples are made Different type of samples are made by this department. Some of the by this department. Some of the most commonly used are…most commonly used are…– Proto-type samplesProto-type samples– Salesman samplesSalesman samples– Size setSize set– Pre-production samplesPre-production samples– During production samplesDuring production samples

Swatches from Marketing

Sample Approval from Customer

Fabric Coding

Fabric analysis

Development By Textiles

Testing

Sample Comes to PD

Fabric Approval Process

Garment Coding

Proto Making

Sample Approval from Customer

SOR + Manufacturing package from

Marketing

Pattern making & Digitizing

Garment Development Process