LECTURE 4LECTURE 4

Theme:Theme: Noun. Noun. Cases Cases ооf Nounsf Nouns

PLANPLAN

►1. Cases Of Nouns1. Cases Of Nouns.. ►2. Declension of 2. Declension of Nouns.Nouns.

NOUNNOUN

► NounNoun is a part of is a part of speech which means a speech which means a living creature, a living creature, a thing, or an abstract thing, or an abstract idea.idea.

DeclensionDeclension

► In Ukrainian nouns decline.In Ukrainian nouns decline.► Declension is a change in the ending Declension is a change in the ending

of a noun to denote its function in the of a noun to denote its function in the sentence. sentence.

►The endings a noun can acquire The endings a noun can acquire depending on its function in the depending on its function in the sentence are called cases. sentence are called cases.

►There are 7 cases in Ukrainian.There are 7 cases in Ukrainian.

DeclensionDeclension

►The Nominative case of a noun is The Nominative case of a noun is its base form, so the gender of a its base form, so the gender of a noun is determined in this case. noun is determined in this case. The Nominative case endings have The Nominative case endings have been given above when dealing been given above when dealing with the gender of nouns. with the gender of nouns.

The Nominative case of a noun is its base form, so the gender of a noun is determined in this case. The Nominative case endings have been given when dealing with the gender of nouns.

The use of the Nominative caseThe use of the Nominative case

►A noun in the Nominative case is used in A noun in the Nominative case is used in the sentence as the subject: the sentence as the subject: МарМарія ія (Nom.) - моя подруга. (Nom.) - моя подруга. (Maria(Maria is my is my friend.)friend.)

►A noun in the Nominative case is used in A noun in the Nominative case is used in the sentence as a complement after the the sentence as a complement after the linking verb "є" (is), which is most often linking verb "є" (is), which is most often omitted in Ukrainian: Марія - omitted in Ukrainian: Марія - моя моя подругаподруга (Nom.). (Maria (Nom.). (Maria is is my friend.)my friend.)

CaseCase ExamplesExamples TranslationTranslation

in Ukrainianin Ukrainian

Nominative Nominative сестрасестра sistersister

CommentsComments

This is the case of the subject in a This is the case of the subject in a sentence and the form in which sentence and the form in which nouns are listed in the dictionary. nouns are listed in the dictionary.

CaseCase Examples Examples TranslationTranslation in in UkrainianUkrainian

► GenitiveGenitive У мене нема сестри.У мене нема сестри. I I have no sister.have no sister. Я приїхав без сестри.Я приїхав без сестри. I I came without (my) sistercame without (my) sister

►

► CommentsComments ► You should learn the "You should learn the "У мене немаУ мене нема" (I don't have...) " (I don't have...)

combination as a whole since it has a different combination as a whole since it has a different structure (not a word by word translation by far). structure (not a word by word translation by far). The genitive case is often used with negative verbs. The genitive case is often used with negative verbs.

CaseCase Examples Examples TranslationTranslation in in UkrainianUkrainian

►DativeDative Я телефоную сеЯ телефоную сестрі.стрі. I'm calling (my) sisterI'm calling (my) sister..

CaseCase Examples Examples

in in UkrainianUkrainian

► AccusativeAccusative Я зустріну сестру на вокзалі.Я зустріну сестру на вокзалі. Я шукаю сестру.Я шукаю сестру. Я дивлюся на сестру.Я дивлюся на сестру.

TranslationTranslation I'll meet (my) sister at the train station.I'll meet (my) sister at the train station. I'm looking for (my) sister. I'm looking for (my) sister. I'm looking at (my) sister.I'm looking at (my) sister.

CommentsComments

This case is used with (3rd example here) and This case is used with (3rd example here) and without (1st & 2nd examples) prepositions.without (1st & 2nd examples) prepositions.

CaseCase Examples Examples

in in UkrainianUkrainian

► InstrumentalInstrumental Я захоплююся сестрою.Я захоплююся сестрою. Я приїду із сестрою.Я приїду із сестрою.

TranslationTranslation I admire (my) sister.I admire (my) sister.I will come with (my) sister.I will come with (my) sister.

CommentsComments

This case often indicates the means of This case often indicates the means of doing something, e.g., doing something, e.g., Я їду поїздомЯ їду поїздом - I'm - I'm going by train - the masculine noun going by train - the masculine noun "train" is in the instrumental case. "train" is in the instrumental case. It is It is also used with some prepositions also used with some prepositions (example 2).(example 2).

CaseCase Examples Examples

in in UkrainianUkrainian

►PrepositionalPrepositional На сестрі красива На сестрі красива сукня.сукня.

TranslationTranslation My sister is wearing a beautiful dress. My sister is wearing a beautiful dress. (literally: There's a beautiful dress (literally: There's a beautiful dress on (my) on (my) sistersister.).)

CommentsComments

Used only with prepositions. Also called Used only with prepositions. Also called "locative," this case often describes a "locative," this case often describes a place in its broadest sence: location, place in its broadest sence: location, destination, etc.destination, etc.

CaseCase Examples Examples

in in UkrainianUkrainian

►VocativeVocative СестроСестро!!

TranslationTranslation

Sister!Sister!

CommentsComments

Used to address people.Used to address people.

The Vocative case (Voc.)The Vocative case (Voc.)

The use of the Vocative caseThe use of the Vocative case

The Vocative case is used to The Vocative case is used to address:address:

► living beings: living beings: Маріє,Маріє, де ти? де ти? (Maria, (Maria, where are you?)where are you?)

► personified things: personified things: УкраїноУкраїно (Voc), (Voc), моя моя землеземле (Voc)! (Ukraine, my land!)(Voc)! (Ukraine, my land!)

DeclensionsDeclensions

►In Ukrainian, there are 4 declension In Ukrainian, there are 4 declension types. The first declension is used types. The first declension is used for most feminine nouns. The for most feminine nouns. The second declension is used for most second declension is used for most masculine and neuter nouns. The masculine and neuter nouns. The third declension is used for third declension is used for feminine nouns ending in feminine nouns ending in ьь or a or a post-alveolar sibilant. The fourth post-alveolar sibilant. The fourth declension is used for neuter nouns declension is used for neuter nouns ending in ending in я/ая/а (Common Slavic (Common Slavic *ę*ę).).

►Most of the types consist of 3 different Most of the types consist of 3 different subgroups: subgroups: hard, mixed, and softhard, mixed, and soft. The soft . The soft subgroup consists of nouns whose roots subgroup consists of nouns whose roots end in a soft letter (followed by iotified end in a soft letter (followed by iotified vowel or soft vowel). The mixed subgroup vowel or soft vowel). The mixed subgroup consists of the nouns whose roots end in a consists of the nouns whose roots end in a post-alveolar sibilant or occasionally post-alveolar sibilant or occasionally rr. The . The hard group consists of all other nouns.hard group consists of all other nouns.

► If the hard group endings are taken as the If the hard group endings are taken as the basis, then the following rules can be used basis, then the following rules can be used to derived the corresponding mixed and to derived the corresponding mixed and soft endingssoft endings

►Mixed subgroupMixed subgroup All All oo following a post-alveolar sibilant following a post-alveolar sibilant

change to change to ee. . All All yy following a post-alveolar sibilant following a post-alveolar sibilant

change to change to ii. .

►Soft subgroup:Soft subgroup: Whenever a soft sign Whenever a soft sign or the semi-vowel encounters the or the semi-vowel encounters the vowel of the ending, the following vowel of the ending, the following changes occur (These are mainly changes occur (These are mainly orthographic changes): orthographic changes):

First declensionFirst declension

►This declension consists of This declension consists of nouns which end in nouns which end in аа or or яя. It . It consists primarily of feminine consists primarily of feminine nouns, but a few nouns with nouns, but a few nouns with these ending referring to these ending referring to professions can be either professions can be either masculine or feminine.masculine or feminine.

Second declensionSecond declension

► The second declension consists of masculine The second declension consists of masculine and neuter nouns.and neuter nouns.

►Masculine NounsMasculine Nouns:: This group consists This group consists primarily of nouns, which end in a primarily of nouns, which end in a consonant, a soft sign, consonant, a soft sign, ьь, or , or йй. It should be . It should be noted that in the masculine declension, noted that in the masculine declension, nouns, which end in nouns, which end in рр can belong to any of can belong to any of the three declension subgroups: hard, the three declension subgroups: hard, mixed, and softmixed, and soft

►Neuter NounsNeuter Nouns In this category In this category belong neuter nouns ending in belong neuter nouns ending in оо, , ее, and those substantives ending , and those substantives ending in in яя, preceded by either a double , preceded by either a double consonant, apostrophe, or two consonant, apostrophe, or two consonants, which primarily are consonants, which primarily are derived from verbs.derived from verbs.

Third declensionThird declension

►This declension consists This declension consists solely of feminine nouns solely of feminine nouns that end in a consonant. that end in a consonant. This declension has only This declension has only 2 subgroups: a mixed and 2 subgroups: a mixed and soft group.soft group.

Fourth declensionFourth declension

►This declension consists of solely This declension consists of solely neuter nouns that are derived neuter nouns that are derived from Common Slavic from Common Slavic *ę*ę. There are . There are two subgroups: those with an two subgroups: those with an нн insert, and those with a insert, and those with a тт insert. insert.

Дякую за Дякую за увагу!увагу!