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The State

through the Ages of History

Bba 8 PS

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Historical Evolution of the State

The degree of evolution may vary from state to state

due to difference in developmental patterns of

society, economy and politics

Major stages of evolution are almost sameFirst Stage- The Stateless societies of Primitive times

-No written record available regarding these stateless societies

-Anthropologists and Archeologists believe in the Primitive states, study

reveal that society transformed from matriarchal to Patriarchal-growth of Society from Family- clan Tribe transformed into a TRIBAL

STATE where central authority is rested with Tribal Chief

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Tribal State

Existed near rivers of Nile, Euphrates and

Tigris in ancient Iraq

The tribal kingdoms appeared in 5000BC

Belonged to Mesopotamian Civilization, Indus

valley civilization, Egyptian civilization and

Confucius civilization

King or tribal chief had to be a skilled soldier

and was bound to follow the council of elders

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Oriental Empire

The growth of politics and economy(economicsystem)resulted in transformation from tribal tooriental empire- Nile, Tigris, Indus, yangtse.

Rule of despotic Kings- total submission of thepeople- Pay Tax to the king- No Liberty

Weak Political structures- Unstable form of State

Didnt transformed into Institutions

Kept a large region & Primitive man in order anddiscipline for considerable time period

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The Greek City State

Division into valleys and islands in Ancient Greece ledto the system City States

System evolved from Monarchy Aristocracy-Democracy

Population had developed sense of politicalconsciousness and interest in public affairs

Political system lacked unity among the city states.

Concept of politics developed for welfare society Inter state rivalry led to the fall of city state to

Macedonia and later to Rome

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The Roman Empire

Rome was just a city state in ancient Italy. Unitedwith other states formed A republican system.

Conquered territories, engulfed Spain, Germany,

France, England and Greece. Roman domination in all spheres of life. Denial of

Individual rights and liberty

GREECE GAVE TO HER CITIZENS DEMOCRACY ANDFREEDOM BUT COULDNT GIVE THEM UNITY.ROME GAVE THEM UNITY BUT FAILED TO GIVETHEM DEMOCRACY AND FREEDOM

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The Feudal State

Roman fell to Teutonic tribes(Germany)

They believed in the ideals of Individualism, liberty andlocal self government

The system was a compromise of Roman ideas and teutonic

ideals of politics. Feudal System emerged-kingdoms, principalities and

estates. Land mostly divided among Feudal nobles

Individuals owed direct allegiance to the landlords and tothe king through him

No central law- NO Liberty- no common citizenship orcommon law

Feudal lords exercised power and maintained order

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Modern Nation State

Feudal structures started getting weak at the beginning of16th century

Power began to concentrate in the hands of absolutemonarch over a fixed territory

Wars in Europe led to this transformation Officially first national state was created in England

followed by France, Germany, Italy, Spain ETC

Same territory, language and tradition led to formation ofnation states

Territorial States- Nationalism- Sovereignty- Democracy Freedom-liberty- Unity

Evolution from state to Global political system.

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Platonic Conception of Ideal State

Wrote The Republic

Presented the idea of an Ideal State on the basis offundamental human needs-food-shelter and clothes

Moreover for other needs individual cooperate with other

individuals in the society that breeds interdependencewhich led to state formation on the basis ofcollectivism(state superior over citizens)

Plato was inspired by Pythagorean theory of human nature-classify human nature

i- Reasonii-Courage

iii-Appetite

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Ideal state of Plato

Based of three classes

i-Ruling class (equipped with knowledge and Philosophy)

ii- Military class (Courage and military strength for defence)

iii- Professional class (to be ruled and carry out ordinary functions of the state

His class system is based on his idea of Educational system-he said body

needs food and soul need education Justice in the society is pre- requisite for an ideal state which is possible in

small administrative units in any federation

King must be a philosopher in an ideal state who can use reason andintelligence for the statecraft management

The best system is Absolute monarchy for an ideal state

Communist form of state which is sacred and supreme

No Arts and literature to sustain purity of the state

Gender Equality

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Aristotles Idea of a State

Wrote the influential book Politics

Opened an academy called Lyceum for the

study of philosophy

Believed in concept of Society where human

beings live as a community- Social Animal

Origins of state lies in the formation and

development of Society.

Individual- Family- Tribes(Villages)- States

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Idea of State

Political Animal- signifies two aspects

Natural growth or evolution

Organic Theory- State is like and individual- As

his body works with performance of differentorgans Similarly state consists of differentorgans

Aristotle first time characterized differentorgans of the Govt in a State i.e Executive,Legislature and Judiciary

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Conti

Family is the starting point of human

civilization and State is the Last

Progress from family to state is evolutionary,

natural and needed for human progress- it isnt

imposed

An individual out of the state is nothing

Collectivism Should be balanced. Individual

rights should be recognized in a State

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Classifications in a State

Rule of one- Pure Form ( Monarchy) Corrupt

Form Tyranny

Rule of Few- Aristocracy- Oligarchy

Rule of Many- Polity- democracy

Philosopher King

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Machiavellian Concept of State

Wrote famous Book THE PRINCE

Ethics and religion are subordinate to Politics in a state

Morality in invalid in Politics

Evil cannot be resisted by doing good, it can be resisted through a greater evilforce

Goodness and gentleness encourages the evil

Similarly war can be resisted by WAR and stronger agression

He says Arm yourself to disarm your enemy

The ruler should be as cunning as Fox and as brave as a Lion

it is wrong for the ruler to tell a lie but some times it is necessary for the bestinterest of state

Ends justify the means Seize all the territory you can

Maintain friendly relations with minor powers but keep greater powers down

Self-help is preferable to alliances

Traditional morality can be abandoned for the state

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Thomas Hobbes Concept of State

British Philosopher who wrote the Famous

Book Leviathan(Huge sea mammal)

Presented Social Contract Theory of Origin of

State

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Hobbes Idea of a state

Wrote Leviathan in 1651

Gave theory of Social Contract

Pre-Social human beings were brutal, selfish, anti

social( Pre- State era) State of NatureIn continuous state of war

Rule-Might is right

In a state man did an acceptable contract(self for

liberty) Surrender individual powers to state and

government inside

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Features

Nature of Govt-absolute power

Government and State both are ONEindividual to obey both(Collectively and

Separately) Freedom-Given up by the individual- level of

freedom, liberty rights would be decided by

the Ruler Sovereignty-Ruler is sovereign, his words are

laws, he exercise absolute power

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Al Mawardis idea of a State

Died in 1058 AC

Professor at Basra University Baghdad

Universal principle for the establishment of state

by Prophet Muhammad PBUH Further strengthened by Caliphs particularly

Hazrat Umer

Ensure equality, assure reformation, distributionof Wealth and citizen rights

Welfare State

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Caliphate

Concept of Imam

Representative of Allah

Appointment byMajority( Qualified) orNominated by Predecessor

Imam should by male, adult, fit, scholarly,

practicing Muslim, foresighted, brave, man of

justice, character, charismatic, neutral

Concept of Wazarat

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Wazarat

Political Executive to assist the Sultan

Two types

-Wazarat e Tafweez

Have same powers as Imam but imam is superior in threeways

Imam can depose the Caliph, appoint his successor andcancel appointee of Wazire Tafweez

-Wazarat e Tanfeez

He has to implement the orders of ImamWith his removal his team of Ministers will resign

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QAZA

Office of Qazi

Who can test all the officials of the state

Office of DIWAN-department of defence

-Provincial Boundaries

-TreasurySIPA SALAR

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Ibne Khaldun

Studied history of human civilization in ascientific way

Famous for Tahreeke Ibnekahldun

Gave theory of Asabiya-socialcohesion(nationalism)- natural humantendency-love for blood relatives-for related

entities This concept lead to the idea of sovereignty,

which characterized the entity of State

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Asabiya

Asabiya is source of honor and dignity whichtranslates into social cohesion-powerful state

Asabiya is related to the concept of nationalism

Stages of State developmentState came into being on the basis of threeorientations

-solidarity

-religious force

-satisfaction of natural desires

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Three stages

Growth

Maturity

Decline40 years for each stage-so a states cycle is 120

years

5 stepsFirst-formative phase-developmental stage-

leaders work hard

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stages

Second-absolute kingship-voluntary armychange into paid army-bureaucracy formed

Third-leader decorate cities, luxury and

leisure starts-enhances political authority,specific laws are made

Fourth-feeling of comfort dominates people

and leaders are carless and ignore struggle Fifth-moral degradation, weak difference,

Decline

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Shah wali-ullah

Four stages of development

Social life

State (Madina) Government (shura)

Politics