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7/17/2019 Lecture 4 AISE Upload @UNSW
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Adverse Incorporation andSocial Exclusion
Lecture 4
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Volunteering
https://www.youtube.co/watch!v"#$%&'&(&r)A
*lease chec+ the resources in ,oodle.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8GZjZTZrWAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8GZjZTZrWAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8GZjZTZrWAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8GZjZTZrWA7/17/2019 Lecture 4 AISE Upload @UNSW
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-ow do we use the analyticallens o political econoy to
understand chronic poverty!
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Adverse Incorporation andSocial Exclusion
An analytical raewor+ that
a -elps us to understand the causes opoverty arginali0ation1 and ine2uality
b *rovides us a language to counicate thiscoplexity to policy a+ers / developentagencies / acadeic literature
Is a eans through which we canoperationali0e our understanding o thepolitical econoy and its e3ects
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ecap 5 Structuralconditions
)hich o the ollowing is 67( true
a. Structural conditions are theconse2uences o poverty andine2uality
b. Structural conditions are the
broader systes and processesthat a3ect people8s livelihoodsand well9being copared toothers
c. Structural conditions a3ect all
people within a given social oreconoic order: soe benet1soe are adversely a3ected
d. Structural conditions includepolitical1 econoic andideological systes
*lease go to:http://www.socra
tive.coLog in as student
oo 6uber:
;Vesponses areanonyous
http://www.socrative.com/http://www.socrative.com/http://www.socrative.com/http://www.socrative.com/7/17/2019 Lecture 4 AISE Upload @UNSW
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Recap: Defne Structuralconditions
Structural conditions: the broaderpolitical and econoic systes andprocesses that a3ect people8s
livelihoods and well9being coparedto others
Structural conditions a3ect all people
within a given social or econoicorder: soe benet1 soe areadversely a3ected
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What is Structural Violence?
Structural violenceis the e3ect o asysteic ibalance
in society thatpreers the interestso soe over others.
Structural violence
+ills people slowlyby depriving the otheir basic needs.
Institute or *olicy esearch and ;evelopent: http://iprd.org.u+/!p"?@$
http://iprd.org.uk/?p=6185http://iprd.org.uk/?p=6185http://iprd.org.uk/?p=6185http://iprd.org.uk/?p=6185http://iprd.org.uk/?p=61857/17/2019 Lecture 4 AISE Upload @UNSW
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How do we explain poverty andvulneraility?
Explanations based oncharacteristics andcorrelations
Low incoe Illiterate
Bnhealthy
Bneducated
%ender =aste
;ependency ratios
)ealth / assets
;epolitici0es povertyby individuali0ing thecauses o poverty
(he e3ects o povertyoten presented asthe cause
Siplies the
coplexity o issues 73er technical
solutions
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How do we explain poverty andvulneraility?
Explanations based on structures1 processesand relations o poor and non9poor
)hy do soe people get high wages and others
low wages Cshare o surplus! -ow do soe groups onopoli0e opportunities!
-ow is one person8s wealth and wellbeingrelated to another8s poverty!
-ighlights the political and relational natureo poverty and wealth1 as well as thecoplexity
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!elan"ana# Andhra $radesh#India
https://www.youtube.co/watch!v"-Ao9 rvB7eD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmAo-rvUOe0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmAo-rvUOe0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmAo-rvUOe0https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmAo-rvUOe07/17/2019 Lecture 4 AISE Upload @UNSW
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Livelihoods in agrarian(elangana
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)hy is %eetha La+shi poor! )illher children also be poor! )hy!
%o to Socrative oo 6uber: ;V
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Individual =haracteristics
Low incoe
Low education
*oor eployent prospects ;alit / scheduled caste
)oan
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)hat dont these characteristics tellus!
(hey indicate correlation1 but notcausation. (hat is1 they say what poorpeople usually loo+ li+e Cthey are dalit
e.g. not why dalitpeople are poor ;o not indicate the structural
conditions o poverty
Are static1 rather than loo+ing at theprocessesthat a+e people poor1 andthe children o poor parents poor
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Social Exclusion
the process through whichindividuals or groups are wholly orpartially excluded ro the society in
which they liveF C-ic+ey and du (oitGDDH1 G
a way o analy0ing how and why
individuals and groups ail to haveaccess or benet ro thepossibilities o3ered by societies and
econoiesF C2uoted in ischer GD@@1
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Social exclusion Bseul or understanding social
stratication1 arginali0ation1discriination1 disadvantage
Although oten related to poverty1people can be socially excluded1even i they are not poor
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Exa%ples o& SocialExclusion
Illegal iigrants excluded rociti0enship and the rights it entails
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Exa%ples o& SocialExclusion
Exclusion o citi0ens ro obtainingtheir state entitleents
)oen subitting docuents or the widow pension in
India
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Exa%ples o& SocialExclusion
Exclusion ro politicalrepresentation or participating inpolitics
In the current governent it helps to be white and ale
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Exa%ples o& SocialExclusion
Exclusion roeconoicopportunities in the
Joral8 econoy
Exclusion roar+etopportunities
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Exa%ples o& SocialExclusion
Spatial exclusion
Sao *aulo
Jsecurity chec+8 Indian shoppingall
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'ainers
,aterial: resource
hoarding Ce.g. privilegedaccess to +eyoccupationsKonopoli0ation
*olitical: %ains through
onopoli0ing political /bureaucratic power
Social / cultural: the useo social prestige to gainaccess to power
resources and thestigitisation o othersKexclusive social grouporation
(osers
,aterial:loss o access to
productive resources1exclusion ro +eyoccupations1 distress saleo assets1 econoic shoc+s
*olitical: restricted access
to civic resources1 politicalparticipation1 civil rights12uality education or healthcare
Social / cultural: closed
access to resources due toascribed identity orstigati0ation1 socialisolation
ro ;avis GD@@: >1 see ,oodle or ull details
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In what ways does %eetha and heraily su3er social exclusion!
Socrative oo 6uber: ;V
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In what ways does %eetha and heraily su3er social exclusion!
Excluded ro 'ob opportunities due to gender
Son is excluded ro oral 'ob opportunities due tolac+ o Jconnections8 Cor bribe
Excluded ro receiving governent entitleentsdue to lac+ o caste connections
Illiteracy Cstiga and ebarrassent
=annot arry daughter into higher caste / non
labouring aily *ast explicit spatial exclusion due to caste1 now
iplicit due to social nors o Jcleanliness8
Exclusion ro social lie and getting governent
schees due to being illiterate
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*robles with explanations basedonly on social exclusion
assuesM the goodness o inclusionandNnorative assuptions abouthow social lie should be organisedF
C-ic+ey and du (oit O Pring people into the ar+etQ E.g.
icronance or woen
Inclusion can be ine2uitable
Lac+s a ocus on agency1 victii0esthe poor
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Adverse Incorporation
poverty persists also because o thedisadvantageous ways in whichpeople are incorporated into
econoic and social lie indisadvantageous ways Cdu (oit and6eve GDDH
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(he ter adverse incorporation drawsattention to relationships where a partyextracts disproportionate benets roanother8s e3orts1 even while thedisadvantaged party ay be included in otherwaysN. (hus the idea o adverseincorporation challenges the assuption thatsocial inclusion is always benecial1 andencourages a ore nuanced analysis whichincludes groups who gain ro other people8sdisadvantageF C;avis GD@@1 4.
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Adverse Incorporation
ecogni0es that soeties it is notexclusion that is the proble1 but theters under which people are included
=onsiders both structure and agency *eople ay need to accept poor
conditions1 even when this is detriental
in the long ter Cpractical versusstrategic
=onsiders une2ual power to set andaccept ters o incorporation
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Exa%ples o& AdverseIncorporation
Peing paid a verylow wage Cwhere alarge proportion o
the surplus value isappropriated
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Exa%ples o& AdverseIncorporation
*eroringexcessive tas+s orthe benet o
others Cincludingthe aily
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Exa%ples o& AdverseIncorporation
(a+ing loans under duress withunreasonable ters
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Exa%ples o& AdverseIncorporation
eceiving adverse ters o trade orinputs and outputs
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;owry and Pride %roo*rice
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'ainers
,aterial: appropriation o
surplus valueK gains roexploitative dowryarrangeentsK interestearned ro distress loans
*olitical: extraction obenets ro direct orindirect control overeans o violence Ce.g.police
Social / cultural: extractingsurplus throughpossession o social /educational resources
(osers
,aterial:extraction o
surplus by owners ocapitalK losses in dowry1paying o interest orloss o assets
*olitical: losses due to
extraction bydoination1 losses dueto extortion andcorruption
Social / cultural:restricted autonoy owoen1 low prestigeoccupations
ro ;avis GD@@: >1 see ,oodle or ull details
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In what ways does %eetha and heraily su3er adverse incorporation!
Socrative oo 6uber: ;V
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In what ways does %eetha and heraily su3er adverse incorporation!
ather and other in exploitative bonded labourarrangeents
Indebted ro loans or dowry and education
(ranser o wealth ro bride aily to grooaily
Appropriation o surplus due to low daily wages
Exploitation 5 wor+s everyday or survival
=osts o ar+et goods increased relative to wages Son paid only on a coission basis
*aid a lot Crelative to incoe or education1 butcould not ac2uire suRcient educational capital toa+e hi copetitive
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AISE 5 )hat it tells us
=onsiders structure and Cconstrained agency1 and how
these are inter9related
poverty as an historical process1 and thewinners and losers o that process
=aptures the intergenerational nature opoverty
the ulti9diensional aspects o poverty the political aspects o poverty
how people benet ro the exclusion orexploitation o others
AISE id l
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AISE 5 esidual versusrelational
(he residual approach views poverty asa conse2uence o being let out odevelopent processes and contains
the assuption that developent bringsgrowth and that what is re2uired is tointegrate people into ar+ets. elational
approaches ephasi0e the extent towhich Jdevelopent8 growth and thewor+ings o ar+ets can also producepovertyF C-ic+ey and du (oit GDDH1
B i AISE t d t d
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Bsing AISE to understandpoverty
)hy are B8s poor getting poorer! )atch this l and answer this 2uestion
using the AISE approach we have
discussed(hin+ outside the box1 and also critically
o the l
-ow can we connect the situation in theB to what we have discussed in theprevious wee+s
https://www.youtube.co/watch!v"
(+$T*Ui#sCuntil @Dins is enough
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTk8JPXQi_shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTk8JPXQi_shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTk8JPXQi_shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTk8JPXQi_s7/17/2019 Lecture 4 AISE Upload @UNSW
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=o3ee Prea+
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)rite in your own wordsN
(he denition o AdverseIncorporation and Social exclusion!
)hat can we use an AISE approachor1 and what are its advantages overother ways o explaining chronic
poverty!
)hat is the signicance o global
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)hat is the signicance o globalcapitalis and neoliberalis or
AISE!
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%lobal capitalis and neoliberalis
establish the structural conditions inwhich people are socially excluded1and the ters under which they are
incorporated. ;ecentrali0ation and ragentation
Cobinson
Jabsentee landlords8 CPauan
lexible accuulation Cobinson 6eoliberal econoic and political
practices C-arvey
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,ore specically Exclusions ro the ar+et based on
global copetition
Exclusions ro governent servicesdue to the liited role o the state
(he deterioration o wor+ing conditions
leading to adverse incorporation into thelabour ar+et
;oinance o ,6=s deterine theters o trade or inputs and outputs
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*hillips et al. CGD@4
Argue that capitalist production in theglobal garent industry creates theconditions in which children are
incorporated into the sector underadverse conditions
=opetition aong producers leads to
an ephasis on reducing the share osurplus to labourers
6eed or Wexible wor+orce to eetchanging production deands
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*hillips et al. GD@4
Social exclusion copels soe peopleto accept these ters o incorporation )oen cannot get wor+ in other sectors
Socio9econoic conditions copelschildren to wor+
Low caste a+es it diRcult to get 'obs insectors which are doinated by highcaste
Ephasi0es that global structuralconditions intersect with local nors
I h % h d h il
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In what ways are %eetha and her ailyadversely incorporated into globalproduction or service chains!
Agro9coercial industry1 in which highinput costs s2uee0es wages
(he telecounication sector1 in whichhigh copetition pushes down thewages paid to sellers Ccoission only
=oercial providers o education
Costly local1 but also soeinternational
(he Jscarcity o the state8 C%upta GD@G
reduction o state welare
Bsing AISE to understand
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Bsing AISE to understandpoverty
Bse the concepts o AISE to discuss thisvideo! In what way is the aily socially excluded!
In what way are they adversely incorporated! -ow is this AISE lin+ed to global production o
sugar!
)ho benets ro their adverse incorporationand social exclusion!
http://www.theguardian.co/world/video/GD@O/'ul/D>/cabodian9sugarcane9video
C=hec+ the tie1 $ in
http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/09/cambodian-sugarcane-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/09/cambodian-sugarcane-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/09/cambodian-sugarcane-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jul/09/cambodian-sugarcane-video7/17/2019 Lecture 4 AISE Upload @UNSW
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)ee+ 4 eedbac+
7n Socrative oo 6uber:;V or on paper2uestionnaire1 please provide
eedbac+ on the course so ar.
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*oster *resentation
A poster presentation presents anarguent using text1 graphicsCtables1 diagras1 pictures in a
poster or It is accopanied by a inute oral
presentation1 in which one person
describes the poster
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(as+
*roduce a poster that exainescliate change or environentaldestruction to one o the +ey
concepts / raewor+s discussed in thecourse1 i.e. Structural Violence
=apitalis 6eoliberalis
Adverse Incorporation and Social Exclusion
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Approaches
Argueor a particular position1 in whichthe ai is topersuadeyour audience
Presentboth sides o a debate1 in which
the ai is to stimulateyour audience toa+e up their own ind. Arguent:coplexity or iportance o issue
Describe a situation1 in which the ai is
toprovoke or enrage your audience tota+e action. Arguent: this issue needsurgent attention
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(he best posters will:
-ave a clear arguent
=ontain aterial including acadeicsources that supports this arguent
(he aterial will be coherent1 so that thedi3erent parts o the poster are integrated
)ill relate to the course thees and coreconcepts
)ill deonstrate tea wor+
*resentation is iportant1 but not at theexpense o content and coherence
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(ea )or+ )e all have soething to contribute1
and this assessent exercise isdesigned to allow students withdi3erent strengths to wor+ together
to produce 2uality wor+
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eWect on your contribution
Listening to di3erent ideas and bringing thetogether
In9depth reading o acadeic texts
eWection on everyday lie
,a+ing connections between thees1 conceptsand conteporary issues
%raphics or the visual presentation o aterial
)riting in a clear and concise way
,otivation and tea orale
Verbal presentation s+ills
,a+ing innovative arguents
esearch s+ills1 loo+ing at web resources
(iing
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(iing(ie or groups to eet during the lecture
period next wee+ Cwee+
I will be available or consultations duringthis period1 in addition to the usual tieriday @Da 9 @.@p
*osters will be presented during tutorialsthe ollowing wee+ Cwee+ ?
esources ;etails in course outline and on ,oodle
)ithin the group1 should read at least @acadeic text each in addition to reeringto course readings
eer to websites
esources or %roup *oster
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esources or %roup *osterhttp://www.theguardian.co/australia9news/video/GD@/aug/@@/eissions9reduction9environent9econoy9tony9abbott9video
%uardian pages on cliate change1 or blogs1 news articles1 acts andgureshttp://www.theguardian.co/environent/cliate9change
=liate Tustice *rograYa+ing the polluters payhttp://www.cliate'ustice.org.au/
=hoose a selection o articles ro the special issue o Development andChange1 about =apitalis and =liate =hange1 GDD>1 Volue 4D1 Issue ?.
=lar+1 Prett and ichard @94G$.
=ostan0a1 obert CGDD> J=ould =liate =hange =apitalis8 Nature 4$:@@DH9@@D$.
I expect one acadeic reerenceper studentor each poster.
http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-changehttp://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-changehttp://www.climatejustice.org.au/http://www.climatejustice.org.au/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-changehttp://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-changehttp://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-videohttp://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2015/aug/11/emissions-reduction-environment-economy-tony-abbott-video7/17/2019 Lecture 4 AISE Upload @UNSW
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6ext )ee+
67 LE=(BE
)or+ on your group presentationduring the lecture period
See e in y oRce C,P@4G i youare acing any diRculties
)ee+ ater1 -egeony1 ideology and
discourse
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eerences
;avis1 *eter CGD@@ JSocial Exclusion and adverse incorporation inrural Pangladesh: evidence ro a ixed ethods study o povertydynaics81 =hronic *overty research =entre )or+ing *aper 6o. @>O.
http://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication#les/)*@>OZGD;avis.pd
isher1 Andrew ,. CGD@@. econceiving Social Exclusion1 P)*I)or+ing *aper @4?.
http://www.bwpi.anchester.ac.u+/edialibrary/publications/wor+ing#papers/bwpi9wp9@4?@@.pd,osse1 ;avid GD@D. JA elational Approach to ;urable *overty1Ine2uality and *ower81Journal of Development Studies1 4?CH: @@?9@@H$.
du (oit1 A. and ;. 6eves CGDDH Jin Search o South Arica8s SecondEconoy: =hronic *overty econoic arginalisation and adverseincorporation in ,t rere and hayelitsha1 =*= )or+ing paper 6o.@DG
http://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/WP193%20Davis.pdfhttp://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/WP193%20Davis.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/publications/working_papers/bwpi-wp-14611.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/publications/working_papers/bwpi-wp-14611.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/publications/working_papers/bwpi-wp-14611.pdfhttp://www.bwpi.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/publications/working_papers/bwpi-wp-14611.pdfhttp://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/WP193%20Davis.pdfhttp://www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication_files/WP193%20Davis.pdf