Lecture 3 - Nuclear Reactors

8/21/2019 Lecture 3 - Nuclear Reactors

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Sources of Radiation

Nuclear Power Reactors

Day 4 – Lecture 3 1


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Objective

To discuss about Nuclear Power Reactors

including their Types and Basic Elements

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Contents

Types of Nuclear Reactors

• PWRs

• BWRs

• CN!"

• d#anced Nuclear Reactors

Components of a Nuclear Power Plant

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The Beginning

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ossil vs Nuclear

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Nuclear Reactors

Types of Nuclear Reactors'

(ight Water Reactors )(WR* +ea#y Water Reactors )+WR* +igh,Temperature -as,Cooled Reactors .ast Neutron

.ast Breeder

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Pri!ordial Nuclides

Nuclide "alf#life Natural Activit$

%&'( )*+, - .+/ $r +*)..0 of all naturaluraniu!

%&/( ,*,) - .+1 $r 11*%)'0 of allnatural (2 +*' to,*) 33! total ( in

co!!on roc4s%&%Th .*,. - .+.+ $r .*5 to %+ 33! in

co!!on roc4s


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.ission

1n 0 2$&"→ fission products

available for!ore fission

Slow Neutron Interactions

the !ean nu!ber of neutrons released 3er fission for (#

%&' is %*'6* This leads to a self#sustaining chain reaction

or 7critical !ass*8


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Boiling 9ater :B9R6

Nuclear Reactors


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Pressuri;ed 9ater :P9R6

Nuclear Reactors

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The ne4t fi#e slides display the main

components of a Nuclear Power Plant'

Control Building Containment Building Turbine Building

.uel Building !iesel -enerator Building u4iliary Building

Co!3onents of a Nuclear Plant

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Control Building

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Contain!ent Building

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Turbine Building

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uel Building

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Protective Barriers

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Stea! =enerator

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Nuclear Reactors

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Advanced Reactors

The first ad#anced reactors now operating in

6apan

Nine new nuclear reactor designs either

appro#ed or at ad#anced stages of planning

7ncorporate safety impro#ements and aresimpler to operate8 inspect8 maintain and repair

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The new generation of reactors ha#e'

a standardised design to e4pedite licensing8 reduce

capital cost and reduce construction time

higher a#ailability and longer operating life8 will

be economically competiti#e in a range of si9es8

further reduce the possibility of core melt accidents

higher burn up to reduce fuel use and the amount of‑

waste

Advanced Reactors

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:ore ;passi#e; safety features which rely on gra#ity8

natural con#ection to a#oid accidents

Two broad categories'

E#olutionary , basically new models of e4isting8

pro#en designs

!e#elopmental , depart more significantly fromtoday


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CAN


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CAN


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CN!" Reactors

2&

"igh Te!3erat re


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"igh Te!3erature

=as Cooled Reactors

2/

"i h T t


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"igh Te!3erature

=as Cooled Reactors

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Pebble Bed Reactor

In the .1'+s?


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Pebble Bed Reactor

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Pebble Bed Reactor

Potential Problems )according to some groups*

7t has no containment building

7t uses flammable graphite as a moderator

7t produces more high le#el nuclear wastes than current

nuclear reactor designs

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Pebble Bed Reactor

Potential Problems )according to some groups*

7t relies hea#ily on nearly

perfect fuel pebbles

7t relies hea#ily upon fuel

handling as the pebbles are

cycled through the reactor

There;s already been an accident at a pebble bed

reactor in -ermany due to fuel handling problems

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9here to =et ore Infor!ation

Cember, H., Johnson, T. E, Introduction to Health Physics,

4th Edition, c!ra"#Hill, $e" %or& '())*+

:ore information at'http'>>www?pbmr?co?9a>inde4?htm

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Lecture 3 - Nuclear Reactors