Upload
others
View
0
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
http://www.wiretechworld.com/the-future-of-optical-fibres/
EE 443 Optical Fiber Communications
Dr. Donald EstreichFall Semester
1
Lecture 2
2
Telecommunications is Very Wide Ranging
Today a new definition of telecommunications is required:
Telecommunications is the suite of technologies, devices, equipment,
facilities, networks, and applications that support communication at a
distance.
The range of telecommunications applications is broad and includes telephony
and video conferencing, facsimile, broadcast and interactive television, instant
messaging, e-mail, distributed collaboration, a host of Web- and Internet-
based communication, and data transmission.
Telecommunications Trends in 2019
1. Telecoms lock onto 5G (rapid expansion)
2. Internet of Things (IoT)
3. AR and VR technology
4. Mergers & Acquisitions
https://techimplement.com/4-reasons-why-telecom-industry-needs-a-crm/
3
https://www.osa-opn.org/home/articles/volume_26/march_2015/features/scaling_optical_fiber_networks_challenges_and_solu/
An Optical Fiber Network
4
Applications of Optical Fibers I
✓ Communications/Data StorageWide use of optical fiber communication systems for data transmission, including long distance backhauls, computer data communications (LAN, MAN, WAN), voice signals, Internet traffic, submarine cables for intercontinental communications.
✓ Broadcast/CATV/Cable TelevisionDigital video distribution, high-definition broadcast signals, closed circuittelevision, etc. Passive optical networks: Fiber to the Curb, Fiber to the Home, etc. Most cable television providers use optical fiber networksfor content distribution.
✓ NetworkingInterconnection of computers within buildings, across local networks, metropolitan networks and wide area networks. Used in a wide variety of networks requiring fast data transport and/or massive data transmission (such as in storage networks).
5
Applications of Optical Fibers II
✓ Industrial/CommercialUsed in applications that can’t tolerate electromagnetic interference.Also, used in sensor applications, for monitoring places hard to reach or have harsh environments. Examples: Communication cabling inautomobiles, aircraft and boats; also used in factories, etc.
✓ MilitaryMilitary requires highly secure and hardened fibers for military equipment in combat environments.
✓ MedicalUsed for light guides, imaging tools and lasers for surgery. A good example is the Endoscope.
✓ Lighting and ImagingIllumination used for decorative effects, signs, and light distribution.
✓ Spectroscopy
6
Westminster Rotating Fiber Optic Light
Aardvark Waterproof
Wireless Inspection
Camera Attachment for
Android & iPhone
https://www.circuitspecialists.com/aardvark-wireless-inspection-camera.html
Some Interesting Applications of Optical Fiber
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-gastroscopy-illustration-84544629.html
WiFi
7
Optical Fiber Communication System
ElectricalEncoding
ElectricalDecoding
Optical Driver
Optical Detection
Information Source
Destination
Optical Fiber Cable
An Optical Fiber Communication System uses light wave technology to transmit voice, video and data over
a fiber by converting electronic signals into light.
8
Optical Network Structure
Optical nodes
Optical Fiber Links(physical links)
1
2
1
2
Light paths(logical links)
From Figure 15.2, page 970, of John M. Senior, Optical Fiber Communications,: Principles
and Practice, 3rd edition, Pearson, 2009.
9
Hierarchy (i.e., Layers) in Networking
http://www.alanptlau.com/Research.html
Long-HaulNetworks
Metro InterofficeNetworks
AccessNetworks
Local AreaNetworks
10
Data Communication Network Topologies
A data communication network is a collection of interconnected
nodes (consisting of computers, terminals, or other devices in
many locations) connected by data links which are
communication channels providing data paths between nodes.
Bus Full Mesh Mesh
Ring Star Tree
From D. B. Estreich, ES101A, Lecture 9, 2015.
11
Circuit-Switched Networks versus Packet-Switched Networks
Circuit switching was first designed in 1878 to send telephone calls over a dedicated channel. This was the landline telephone network that dominated telecommunications for many decades.
Packet switching evolved from the Defence Department’s ARPANET network and does not use dedicated connections to route packets over the network. The Internet is a packet-switched network.
Packet-switched and circuit-switched networks use very
different technologies in sending messages and data from one
point to another point.
From D. B. Estreich, ES101A, Lecture 9, 2015.
12
Circuit Switching originated to build telephone networks. Wires and switches used to make a dedicated wireline connection, resulting in a fixed connection from start to finish.
In Packet Switching the message is broken into limited-size data
packets. These packets are sent over the network by special
purpose computers called “routers.” Routers send packets over
the network seeking the most effective path to travel as data links
become available. Packets don’t necessarily travel by the shortest
route, rather the paths chosen are the most efficient in terms
of network utilization. Since packets often travel over
different routes, they must be reassembled in correct order at the
destination.
Circuit-Switched Networks versus Packet-Switched Networks
From D. B. Estreich, ES101A, Lecture 9, 2015.
13
Telephone
Switch
Telephone
Switch
Telephone
Switch
Telephone
Switch
Telephone
Switch
Telephone
Switch
Telephone
Switch
Many paths are possible, but only one is selected per
call.
Once a connection is established, this
connection is maintained until call
is terminated.
Caller
= Dedicated connection (point-to-point)
Subscriber lines
(or local loops)
Trunks
(links between
Exchanges)
Central Office
Central Office
Central Office
PSTN = public switched telephone network
Full
Duplex
Circuit-Switched Network
From D. B. Estreich, ES101A, Lecture 9, 2015.
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
14
The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuit-
switched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony
operators, providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. The PSTN
consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular
networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by
switching centers, thus allowing most telephones to communicate with each other.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network
Before the Internet and other data networks, telecommunications had a clear meaning:
The telephone (and earlier the telegraph) was an application of technology that allowed
people to communicate at a distance by voice (and by encoded electronic signals). The
telephone service was provided by the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Most
of the U.S. network was built and operated by American Telephone & Telegraph (AT&T) –
that changed starting in 1984 when the AT&T monopoly was broken up.
https://www.nap.edu/read/11711/chapter/3
15
http://www.themontyminu
te.com/telephone-pole-
blight/
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media
/120851/A-crossbar-type-electromechanical-
telephone-switching-system-from-the-1960s
Crossbar-type telephone
switching system from the 1960s
Telephone
Operators
in 1950s
Telephone Lines in1950s
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
https://www.nextiva.com/blog/what-is-pots.html
16
Local Loop or Subscriber Loop
In telephony, the local loop (also called the local tail, subscriber loop, or in the
aggregate the last mile) is the physical link that connects from the demarcation point of
the customer premises to the edge of the common carrier’s network or the
telecommunications service provider's network.
Historically, the local loop was an electrical circuit in the form of a single pair of
conductors (usually a twisted pair) from the telephone on the customer's premises to the
local telephone exchange. Again, AT&T established the technical jargon used.
A local loop supports voice and/or data communications applications with the following
services:
❑ Analog voice and signaling as used in traditional POTS
❑ Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
❑ Variants of digital subscriber line (DSL)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_loop
17
Telephone Local Subscriber Loop (or Local Loop)
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/the-local-loop
Traditionally, local loops are composed of twisted pair copper cables. The old local loops have
several limitations − narrow bandwidth, high attenuation, distortion of symbols, crosstalk's etc.
Today, copper wires are being replaced by fiber optic cables for faster and more accurate
performance. Installation of fiber cables is popularly known as FttH (Fibre to the Home).
18
Telephone Subscriber Loop
After Jeff Hecht, Understanding Fiber Optics, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1999. Page 500.
Concentrator
Concentrator
Concentrator
Concentratorwireline
Fiber
Fiber
TelephoneSwitching
Office
https://svgsilh.com/image/159676.html
Up to 24 connections
Cellular tower& cell phonesModem
FAX
Fiber
Medium & largeCorporations
Colleges & Universities
Homes& Small Businesses
Primarily to homes and offices
LandlinePOTS
19
Packet-Switched Network
Internet
Many paths possible for a single message as packets are routed to
the destination.
Packets are routed according to the best path available at the
time.
Receiver(destination)
Sender(source)
Message broken
into packets and
each addressed
Packets
sequentially
reassembled
to reveal
message
= Packet
Router
or Switch
(Data Packet or “Datagram”)
Large array of routers and data links.
Packet route
From D. B. Estreich, ES101A, Lecture 9, 2015.
20
Circuit-Switched Networks versus Packet-Switched Networks
Circuit-Switched“Connection-oriented”
Packet-Switched“Connectionless”
Bandwidth guaranteed once
connected
Bandwidth is dynamically allocated
(aka “adaptive routing”)
Wasted Network Bandwidth Better use of Network Bandwidth
Network Capacity not affected by
other traffic; but limited # connections
Network Capacity independent of
concurrent transmission of packets
Each connection is “dedicated” Packet forwarding can use any route
in the network (“store & forward”)
Switches perform connections to
establish dedicated circuit path for
each communication session
Routers and protocols determine the
packet routes and adjust to network
conditions (“forwarding on the fly”)
If a connection fails a new connection
must be re-established to recover
If one router fails the network still
functions by bypassing that router
Cost by connection time Cost by number of packets
Today both network categories now handle both voice and data.
21
Packet-Switched Networks Now Dominate
Modern communication systems today are
dominated by packet-switched networks.
The Internet is the ultimate packet-switched
network.
22
https://www.slideshare.net/fawzimohammedhassan/optical-networking
23
Access, Metro and Core (Long-Haul) Networks
https://www.ntt-review.jp/archive/ntttechnical.php?contents=ntr201706fa1.html
24
Optical Fiber Network Evolution
After John M. Senior, Optical Fiber Communications, 3rd Edition, Pearson, 2009; page 968.
Deployment Time Frame
SONET/SDHPoint-to-Point
Wavelength Routing“static”
“static”
1st Generation 2nd Generation
Optical Circuit Switch
Optical Burst Switch
Swit
chin
g Ti
me
(se
c)3rd Generation
Late 1980sand 1990s
2000s and 2010s
Future
Optical Circuit Switch/Optical Packet Switch
(Optical Hybrid Switch)
10-1
10-3
10-6 “dynamic” “dynamic”
25
https://slideplayer.com/slide/9668432/
Ethernet LAN Data Rates
26
Four Primary Internet Delivery Methods
Service Average speed High-end speed
DSL Internet 768 kbps – 1.5 Mbps 3 Mbps – 7 Mbps
Cable Internet 4 Mbps – 6 Mbps 10 Mbps – 100+ Mbps
Satellite Internet 5 Mbps – 10 Mbps 12 Mbps – 25 Mbps
Fiber Internet 50 Mbps – 100 Mbps 1 Gbps – 10 Gbps
Internet over Fiber commentary:
1. You probably don’t need that much speed2. Limited availability, but getting better3. Expensive to install for providers, which is
why it is of limited availability
27
Provider Population No. States Max Speed
Verizon FiOS 34,400,000 10 940 Mbps
AT&T Fiber 20,400,000 21 1 Gbps
Frontier Communications 10,920,000 8 100 Mbps
CenturyLink 8,150,000 50 1 Gbps
Google Fiber 2,130,000 10 1 Gbps
Windstream 1,820,000 44 1 Gbps
Cincinnati Bell 1,335,000 5 1 Gbps
C Spire Fiber 1,265,000 8 1 Gbps
Consolidated Communications 1,106,000 14 1 Gbps
Armstrong 980,000 5 1 Gbps
………
Sonic.net 398,000 1 1 Gbps
Internet over Fiber (IOF) – Top Ten Providers
https://broadbandnow.com/Fiber-Providers
Note: Data dated July 2019; Listed 1,246 providers.
28
CenturyLink’s Fiber Optic Map in North America
http://kontretykieta.com/centurylink-fiber-map/centurylink-fiber-map-luxury-google-fiber-map-austin-pict-the-foa-reference-for-fiber-optics-map/
Backbone or Core Network
29
https://www.em360tech.com/tech-news/google-adding-30-billion-infrastructure-investment/
Google Network
30
The Privatization of the Internet 1994
UUNET
Sprint
AT&T
Level 3
https://www.vox.com/a/internet-maps
31
Applications Which Use Optical Fiber
Ethernet is a group of computer networking
technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames
at various data rates. For. Example, 10 gigabit
Ethernet is a telecommunication technology
that offers data speeds up to 10 billion bits per
second. Known as 10GE, 10GbE or 10 GigE.
10 Gigabit Ethernet defines only full-duplex
point-to-point links which are generally
connected by network switches; shared-
medium CSMA/CD operation has not been
carried over from the previous generations
Ethernet standards.
There are two basic types of optical fiber used
for 10 Gigabit Ethernet: single-mode fiber
(SMF) and multi-mode fiber (MMF).https://www.belden.com/blog/data-centers/checkpoint-no-1-for-fiber-infrastructure-deployment-active-equipment-i-o-interface
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
32
Applications Which Use Optical Fiber
Fibre Channel (FC) is a high-speed data transfer protocol (running at 1, 2, 4, 8,
16, 32, and 128 gigabit per second rates) providing in-order, lossless delivery of
raw block data; primarily used to connect computer data storage to servers. Fibre
Channel is used in storage area networks (SAN) in commercial data centers.
Fibre Channel typically runs on optical fiber cables within and between data centers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel
http://www.50mu.net/2015/11/05/cisco-smart-zoning-part-ii-examples/
https://www.metaswitch.com/knowledge-center/reference/what-is-optical-transport-network-otn
OTN is a “digital wrapper” providing a path to multiplex different services onto optical fiber paths.
Optical Transport Network (OTN) Diagram
33
ITU-T G.709 OTN standard
34
Timeline of SONET/SDHDigital transmission standard for optical fiber cable
• Origin of SONET/SDHBefore 1962 all telephone communications were analogIn 1962, Bell System adopted digital communication between switching officesIn late 1970s optical links began to be developed for linking switching offices . . .
But there was no standardization, thus• In 1985 the US the ANSI T1X1.5 Committee started working on a standard, and• In 1896 the International Telecommunications Union started similar work on a standard• Then in 1988 they merged both to set forth the SONET/SDH standards• In the late 1980s and 1990s SONET/SDH networks dominated the optical fiber world
SONET/SDH -- Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit
streams over optical fiber using lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Lower data rates can
also be transferred via an electrical interface.
https://shop.fiberoptic.com/WebsiteInfo.aspx?fc=235&descript=SONET+SDH
35
• Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) in the U.S., Canada, and Japan; Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) elsewhere. SONET originally designed for PSTN.
• Time-division multiplexing (TDM) transmits a constant stream of information • Fundamental SDH frame is STM-1 (synchronous transport module); SONET version is
OC3 (optical container) – each providing 155 Mbit/s • STM-4 provides four times the STM-1 capacity; STM-16 is a sixteen-fold increase, etc. • Two-dimensional frame structure with “overhead” for functions such as error
monitoring, network management, and protection switching, etc. • All clocks in network are locked to a master clock• Strong support for ring topology• Multiplexing done by byte interleaving• Does require a strict synchronization scheme to operate • SONET/SDH is more complex and costly than Ethernet
https://www.lightreading.com/sonet-(synchronous-optical-network)-and-sdh-(synchronous-digital-hierarchy)/d/d-id/575170
Selected Features of SONET/SDHDigital transmission standard for optical fiber cable
http://packetsanalyzed.blogspot.com/2011/06/speeds-and-feeds-sonetsdh.html
ANSI ITU-T
SONET = Synchronous Optical NetworkSDH = Synchronous Digital hierarchyANSI = American National Standards InstituteITU-T = International Telecommunications Union – Telecomm
Standards
DS = Digital SignalOC = Optical CarrierSTS = Synchronous Transport Signal
Conventional SONET/SDH Bit Rates (OC-Levels)
Note: 39813.12 Mbps = 39.813Gbps
36
37
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Flexible-and-hybrid-bidirectional-optical-metro-Ziaie-Muga/13a2ed4648e43b80ce42581801a5050d20f37d5a
Metropolitan SONET Ring
DP
-QP
SK/1
6Q
AM
DP
-QP
SK/1
6Q
AM
DP
-QP
SK/1
6Q
AM
DP
-QP
SK/1
6Q
AM
D
P-Q
PSK
/16
QA
M
DP
-QP
SK/1
6Q
AM
DP
-QP
SK/1
6Q
AM
DP
-QP
SK/1
6Q
AM
FSO = Free Space Optical
38
Ask a Question
http://blogs.whfreeman.com/smartphysics/2013/02/20/the-types-of-questions-in-smartphysics/