Lecture 2: AIRSIDEBy: Zuliana IsmailPART 1

Learning Outcome

• Student is able to:• Describe runway types and identifications.• Describe taxiway types and how to identify.• Explain airport signs, airport lightings• Describe about weather facilities.• Explain main navigational aids system.

2

Definition

• AIRFIELD is an area where an aircraft can land and take off, which may or may not be equipped with any navigational aids or markings. Many grass strips are also designated as airfields.

Definition

• Airfield is called an AERODROME when it is equipped with air traffic control facility and runways equipped with navigational aids, markings and other required facilities.

Definition

AIRSIDE is an area on the airport surface intended to be used for Aircraft Operations.

AIRSIDE SERVICES • Facilities associated with the movement of

the airplanes on the airports surface.

AIRSIDE FACILITIES

APRON

NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

RUNWAY

AIRSIDESIGNAGE

TAXIWAY

Airside Facilities

WEATHER DETECTOR

Runway

1. Runways

A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the

landing and take-off of aircraft.8

Runway Markings

Non-Instrument Runway Non-Instrument Runway (NI)(NI)

Non-Precision Runway Non-Precision Runway (NP)(NP)

Precision Precision Runway (P) Runway (P)

Runway Markings

Intended solely for aircraft

operation using visual approach

procedure

Having an instrument approach

procedure using air navigation

facility with only horizontal guidance

Having an instrument approach procedure

using a precision instrument landing

system, ILS or precision approach radar (PAR) which

provides both horizontal and

vertical guidance to the runway

ThreshoThresholdld

Touchdown Touchdown zonezone

Aiming Aiming pointpoint

DesignatorsDesignators

Precision Runway (P)

Runway Markings• Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of

the runway that is available for landing.• Runway Designators: Shows the magnetic heading• Runway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment

guidance during takeoff and landings.• Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual

aiming point for a landing aircraft.• Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the

touchdown zone for landing operations

1212

RWY Designators

• Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic heading.

• The angle is measured from magnetic north and is divided by 10 and rounded to the nearest integer.

• Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340° is marked as RWY 34.

• Each runway can be used in either direction, and hence has two numbers, each 18 apart.

• Example: (34-18=16), so the other runway marked as RWY 16

13

RWY Designators

• Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in radio communications. Example: Runway 36 is pronounced as Three Six.

• For two parallel RWYs, R for Right and L for Left are added to distinguish btw the RWS.

• For multiple runways each runway is identified by Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R).

• Example: 26L and 26R.

What is the airport with the most number of runways all

over the world?

Dallas-Fort Worth AirportDallas-Fort Worth Airport

Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: 7 Runways Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: 7 Runways

1. Runway 17L/35R2. Runway 17C/35C3. Runway 17R/35L4. Runway 18L/36R5. Runway 18R/36L6. Runway 13L/31R7. Runway 13R/31L

O’Hare International Airport – Chicago, Illinois, United States

Munich Airport: Munich Airport:

Two Parallel Runways Two Parallel Runways

Runways Length• Runway lengths depend on the size of aircraft

to operate and the weather conditions.• The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway

(take-off and landing distances)• The hotter the weather the longer the runway

21

Runways Length

• For aircraft weights below approximately 90,718 kg, a runway length ~ 1,829 m

• Larger aircraft (Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787; Airbus A300, A330, A340, A350, and A380; McDonnell Douglas DC-10 or MD-11; and the Lockheed L1011) will usually require runway length at least 2,438 m.

22

Runway Lighting Summary

Importance of Lighting

Lighting systems from the cockpit window during bad weather. Poor visibility is mainly due to

heavy snowfall

Lighting systems are important for a/c landing during night time.

Runway Lighting

25

Lighting systems from the cockpit window

Runway Edge Lighting: •White

•Turn Yellow in last 610m

Runway Center line Light System :•White

•Alternate white and red in last

610 m•Red in last 310m

Why the lighting colour change?

Runway Pavements

• The surface sections of roads and runways are known as “pavements”.

• To serve its purpose, a pavement must have adequate load-carrying capability, good ride ability and must allow safe operation of aircraft.

Concrete Pavement Asphalt Pavement

• Concrete surfaces from 23 to 40 cm (9 to 16 inches) thick.

• Can remain useful for 20 to 40 years.

• Commonly used at large airports.

• It is constructed by aligning a series of concrete slabs connected by joins,

• Asphalt surfaces are from 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) thick.

• Can remain useful between 15 to 20 years.

• Commonly used at most smaller airports.

• Pavements are less expensive to construct.

Airport Classification Codes

28

Airport Classification Codes

Based on AIRCRAFT(ARC-Aerodrome Reference Code)

Type Of Runway

Approach (NI,NP,P)

Based On Two Elements

Example: 3C NPType of approachAerodrome reference

code

Aerodrome Reference Code

• The aerodromes are coded according to the physical requirements of the critical aircraft

• The aerodrome facilities must meet physical requirements of the critical aircraft

Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC)

ARC is determined by two factors:Code number (1,2..,4) to reflect aircraft operating

performance in terms of balanced field length of runways

• Airplane reference field length (RFL)Code letter (A, B, ..,F) to reflect the aircraft physical

dimensionsWing span (WS)

31

Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC)

• Airplane reference Field Length (RFL): The minimum field length required for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass.

• Wing Span (WS)= the maximum extent across the wings of an aircraft

32

Wing Span (WS)

Aerodrome Reference Code

Code element 1 Code element 2

Airplane referencefield length (RFL)

(2)

Codenumb

er(1)

Wing span (WS)(4)

Codeletter

(3)

RFL < 800 m

800 m ≤ RFL < 1200 m

1 200 m ≤ RFL < 1800 m

1 800 m ≤ RFL

1

2

3

4

WS < 15 m

15 m ≤ WS < 24 m

24 m ≤ WS < 36 m

36 m ≤ WS < 52 m

52 m ≤ WS < 65 m

65 ≤ WS < 80 m

A

B

C

D

E

F

34

ExerciseWhat is the airport classification codes for Boeing 747-400 & Airbus 380 landing at the Precision type Runway

35

Boeing 747-400 RFL=2990mWS=64.4m

Airbus A380 RFL=>3300

mWS=79.8m

36

No

Aircraft type

CodeElement

1

CodeElement

2

Aerodrome

Reference

Code (ARC)

RFL ( m)

Code No.

WS(m)

Code letter

1. ATR 42-200

1010 2 24.6 C ?

2. Fokker: 50

1760 3 29.0 C ?

3. A 320-200 2058 4 33.9 C ?

4. A 340-300 2200 4 60.3 E ?

Aerodrome Reference CodeAerodrome Reference Code

Aerodrome Reference Code

37

AEROPLANETYPE

REF CODE

ARFL(m)

Wingspan(m)

Lear Jet 55 3A 1292 13.4

Fokker F28-2000 3B 1646 23.6

Fokker:F27-500 3C 1670 29.0

Airbus A300 B2 3D 1676 44.8

Boeing:B737-200B737-300B737-400

4C4C4C

229527492499

28.428.928.9

Boeing:B707-300B757-200B767-200ER

4D4D4D

308820572743

44.438.047.6

Boeing:B747-300B747-400B777-200

4E4E4E

329233832500

59.664.960.9

Taxiway

38

2. Taxiway

• Strip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi) between the runway and

apron, runway and runway & apron and apron. 39

Taxiway

• Generally, width smaller than runway• Lightings for night flying• Can be one or multiple in bigger airport.• Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe

surface movement of aircraft.• Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a

runway should be provided to make the movement of airplanes to and from the runway smooth and to provide more rapid exit taxiways when traffic volumes are high. 40

41

Taxiway Types

Taxiway Types

There are four types of taxiways:• Parallel taxiways: aligned parallel next to runway• Entrance taxiways: perpendicular to the runway &

located near the departure end of runways.• High-speed taxiways: to allow aircraft quickly free-up

the runway. (Also known as Rapid Exit) , located at various points along the runway to allow landing aircraft to efficiently exit the runway after landing.

• By-pass taxiways: located near apron, to allow aircraft by-pass other aircraft at aircraft parking area. 42

• Also known as Rapid Exit runway.• To provide exit paths from runway for

arriving aircraft.• The intersection angle less than 90deg.

43

High-speed taxiways

Taxiway Identification

Taxiways can be identified through:• Taxiway markings (centerline in yellow color, no

azimuth)• Taxiway signs (have location sign) • Taxiway lightings (centerline light in green color,

edge light in blue color)• Taxiway size and pavement strength (width smaller

than runway, pavement thickness less than runway)

44

Taxiway edge lights:

blue

Taxiway centre line:

green

Taxiway Lighting

Taxiway Lighting

• Many airports are equipped with taxiway lighting to facilitate the movement of aircraft on the airfield at night or in poor visibility conditions.

• Taxiway lighting includes taxiway edge lights, taxiway centerlines lights.

Taxiway Markings

• Taxiway Centerline : single continuous yellow line .

• All taxiways should have centerline markings.• Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to

guarantee wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects

Taxiway Centerline

Taxiway Markings

Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming the designation of the taxiway (location or direction)

Surface Painted Signs

49

RWY/TWY Markings

What The Importance of RWY/TWY Markings?• To provide information that is useful to a pilot during

takeoff, landing, and taxiing.• To enhance safety and improve efficiency: Same airport

markings for all airports make pilots became familiar.

APRON

52

3. APRON

• An area to accommodate aircraft for purposes of parking , loading or unloading

passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, or maintenance.

53

3. Apron

• Also known as RAMP• Apron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled

by the airport.• The bigger the airport handling capacity the

bigger the apron• Fitted with underground refueling system• Fitted with water supply system• Fitted with sewer disposal system

54

Apron Designs

55