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Lecture 2: A Brief History Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology of Parapsychology 1. Introduction and basic 1. Introduction and basic terminology terminology 2. Evidence from antiquity 2. Evidence from antiquity 3. The rise of spiritualism 3. The rise of spiritualism 4. The Society for Psychical 4. The Society for Psychical Research Research 5. 1930-1960s: The Duke University 5. 1930-1960s: The Duke University Period Period 6. Fraud within parapsychology 6. Fraud within parapsychology

Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

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Page 1: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Lecture 2: A Brief History of Lecture 2: A Brief History of ParapsychologyParapsychology

1. Introduction and basic terminology1. Introduction and basic terminology 2. Evidence from antiquity2. Evidence from antiquity 3. The rise of spiritualism3. The rise of spiritualism 4. The Society for Psychical Research4. The Society for Psychical Research 5. 1930-1960s: The Duke University 5. 1930-1960s: The Duke University

PeriodPeriod 6. Fraud within parapsychology6. Fraud within parapsychology

Page 2: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Precognitive DreamsPrecognitive Dreams

Page 3: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Miraculous HealingMiraculous Healing

Page 4: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Strange PowersStrange Powers

Page 5: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

DivinationDivination

Page 6: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

TelepathyTelepathy

Page 7: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

Shows that ostensibly paranormal Shows that ostensibly paranormal experiences are an important part experiences are an important part of human experienceof human experience– Either paranormal forces existEither paranormal forces exist– Or we learn something useful about Or we learn something useful about

human psychologyhuman psychology Makes us question our own Makes us question our own

assumptionsassumptions

Page 8: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Do you believe in fairies?Do you believe in fairies?

Page 9: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Fairies in FolkloreFairies in Folklore

Page 10: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Cottingley Fairies (1917)Cottingley Fairies (1917)Elsie Wright (13)Elsie Wright (13)

Page 11: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Cottingley Fairies (1917)Cottingley Fairies (1917)Frances Griffiths (10)Frances Griffiths (10)

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Sir Arthur Conan DoyleSir Arthur Conan Doyle

Page 13: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Cottingley Fairies: ArticlesCottingley Fairies: Articles

Page 14: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

PhrenologyPhrenology

Page 15: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Basic TerminologyBasic Terminology

Psychokinesis (PK): Psychokinesis (PK): "the influence "the influence of mind on external objects or of mind on external objects or processes without the mediation of processes without the mediation of known physical energies or forces" known physical energies or forces" (Wolman, 1977)(Wolman, 1977)

Page 16: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Psychokinesis (PK)Psychokinesis (PK)Nina KulaginaNina Kulagina

Page 17: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Basic TerminologyBasic Terminology

Psychokinesis (PK): "the influence of mind on external objects or processes without the mediation of known physical energies or forces" (Wolman, 1977)

Extrasensory Perception (ESP): "knowledge of or a response to an external event or influence not apprehended through known sensory channels" (Wolman, 1977)

Page 18: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

ESP includes:ESP includes: 1)1) telepathytelepathy (transference of (transference of

thoughts between two people)thoughts between two people)

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Telepathy?Telepathy?

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ESP includes:ESP includes: 1)1) telepathytelepathy (transference of (transference of

thoughts between two people)thoughts between two people) 2)2) clairvoyanceclairvoyance (awareness of (awareness of

remote objects or events)remote objects or events)

Page 21: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Clairvoyance?Clairvoyance?

Page 22: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

ESP includes:ESP includes: 1)1) telepathytelepathy (transference of (transference of

thoughts between two people)thoughts between two people) 2)2) clairvoyanceclairvoyance (awareness of (awareness of

remote objects or events)remote objects or events) 3)3) precognitionprecognition (knowledge of (knowledge of

events before they occur, other events before they occur, other than as a result of inference)than as a result of inference)

Page 23: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Precognition?Precognition?

Page 24: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

PsiPsi

““a general term to identify a person's a general term to identify a person's extrasensorimotor communication with extrasensorimotor communication with the environment” (Wolman, 1977).the environment” (Wolman, 1977).

NB: Strict definition of the paranormal, as NB: Strict definition of the paranormal, as used by parapsychologists, limits used by parapsychologists, limits subject matter to PK, ESP, and subject matter to PK, ESP, and (possibly) issues relating to life-after-(possibly) issues relating to life-after-death.death.

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Oracles in Ancient GreeceOracles in Ancient Greece

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The Delphic OracleThe Delphic Oracle

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King Croesus of LydiaKing Croesus of Lydia(c. 550 BC)(c. 550 BC)

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Biblical examples:Biblical examples:Precognitive dreamsPrecognitive dreams

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ApparitionsApparitions

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HealingHealing

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Physical PhenomenaPhysical Phenomena

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Prophetic VisionsProphetic Visions

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The Rise of Spiritualism:The Rise of Spiritualism:Hydesville, NY, March Hydesville, NY, March

18481848

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The Fox SistersThe Fox Sisters

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Rapping Sounds in the Rapping Sounds in the Bedroom …Bedroom …

Page 36: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Communicating with the Communicating with the Spirits?Spirits?

Page 37: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Typical SeanceTypical Seance

Page 38: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Other Strange Other Strange Phenomena:Phenomena:

LevitationLevitation

Page 39: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Playing of Musical Playing of Musical Instruments by Unseen Instruments by Unseen

Hands and LipsHands and Lips

Page 40: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Lights in the DarkLights in the Dark

Page 41: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

ApportsApports

Page 42: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Materialisation of Spirit Materialisation of Spirit FormsForms

Page 43: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

EctoplasmEctoplasm

Page 44: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Spirit PhotographsSpirit Photographs

Page 45: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Written CommunicationsWritten Communications

Page 46: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

““Table Tilting”Table Tilting”

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Michael FaradayMichael Faraday

Page 48: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Robert Hare,Robert Hare,American ChemistAmerican Chemist

Page 49: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Alfred Russell Wallace,Alfred Russell Wallace,Cofounder Theory of Cofounder Theory of

EvolutionEvolution

Page 50: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Sir William Crookes,Sir William Crookes,Discoverer of ThalliumDiscoverer of Thallium

Page 51: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Florence CookFlorence Cook

Page 52: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

““Katie King”Katie King”

Page 53: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

More than a passing More than a passing resemblance?resemblance?

Page 54: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

All down to trickery?All down to trickery?

Page 55: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

The Society for Psychical The Society for Psychical ResearchResearch

Founded in UK in 1882Founded in UK in 1882 American Society for Psychical American Society for Psychical

Research founded in 1885Research founded in 1885 One major aim was to scientifically One major aim was to scientifically

prove that the soul survived bodily prove that the soul survived bodily deathdeath

Page 56: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Response to Darwin’s Response to Darwin’s IdeasIdeas

Page 57: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Daniel Dunglas HomeDaniel Dunglas Home

Page 58: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Harry HoudiniHarry HoudiniThe World’s Greatest The World’s Greatest

ConjurorConjuror

Page 59: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Houdini and Conan DoyleHoudini and Conan Doyle

Page 60: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Luminous Faces EffectLuminous Faces Effect

Page 61: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Bells rung by spirits?Bells rung by spirits?

Page 62: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Houdini’s “Ectoplasm”Houdini’s “Ectoplasm”

Page 63: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Houdini’s Slate WritingHoudini’s Slate Writing

Page 64: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Fox Sisters Confess (1888)Fox Sisters Confess (1888)

Noises produced in various ways Noises produced in various ways including cracking of toe and ankle including cracking of toe and ankle jointsjoints

Schoolgirl prank had got out of Schoolgirl prank had got out of handhand

Spiritualists simply refused to Spiritualists simply refused to believe confessionbelieve confession

Page 65: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

A Time of Transition for A Time of Transition for Psychical Research Psychical Research

Phenomena most researched:Phenomena most researched:

1. mental phenomena of 1. mental phenomena of psychics and mediumspsychics and mediums

Page 66: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Leonora Piper (as a child)Leonora Piper (as a child)

Page 67: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Gladys Osborne LeonardGladys Osborne Leonard

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Eileen GarrettEileen Garrett

Page 69: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

A Time of Transition for A Time of Transition for Psychical Research Psychical Research

Phenomena most researched:Phenomena most researched:

1. mental phenomena of 1. mental phenomena of psychics and mediums (e.g. psychics and mediums (e.g. Leonara Piper, Gladys Osborne Leonara Piper, Gladys Osborne Leonard, Eileen Garrett)Leonard, Eileen Garrett)

2. physical phenomena of the 2. physical phenomena of the type produced by Hometype produced by Home

Page 70: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Eusapia PalladinoEusapia Palladino

Page 71: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Eusapia in ActionEusapia in Action

Page 72: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

A Time of Transition for A Time of Transition for Psychical Research Psychical Research

Phenomena most researched:Phenomena most researched:

1. mental phenomena of psychics 1. mental phenomena of psychics and mediums (e.g. Leonara Piper, and mediums (e.g. Leonara Piper, Gladys Osborne Leonard, Eileen Gladys Osborne Leonard, Eileen Garrett)Garrett)

2. physical phenomena of the type 2. physical phenomena of the type produced by Home (e.g. Eusapia produced by Home (e.g. Eusapia Palladino)Palladino)

3. investigations of hauntings and 3. investigations of hauntings and poltergeists poltergeists

Page 73: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Poltergeist ActivityPoltergeist Activity

Page 74: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

A Time of Transition for A Time of Transition for Psychical Research Psychical Research

Phenomena most researched:Phenomena most researched:

1. mental phenomena of psychics and 1. mental phenomena of psychics and mediums (e.g. Leonara Piper, Gladys mediums (e.g. Leonara Piper, Gladys Osborne Leonard, Eileen Garrett)Osborne Leonard, Eileen Garrett)

2. physical phenomena of the type 2. physical phenomena of the type produced by Home (e.g. Eusapia produced by Home (e.g. Eusapia Palladino)Palladino)

3. investigations of hauntings and 3. investigations of hauntings and poltergeists poltergeists

4. the evolution of controlled 4. the evolution of controlled experiments (e.g. ESP studies of card experiments (e.g. ESP studies of card guessing)guessing)

Page 75: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

The Duke University The Duke University PeriodPeriod

Joseph RhineJoseph Rhine

Page 76: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Louisa RhineLouisa Rhine

Page 77: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Joseph Rhine’s ApproachJoseph Rhine’s Approach

Large scale investigations of Large scale investigations of presumed psychic ability of presumed psychic ability of ordinary peopleordinary people

Easily controlled simple testsEasily controlled simple tests Statistical evaluation of resultsStatistical evaluation of results E.g., use of Zener cardsE.g., use of Zener cards

Page 78: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

General Extrasensory General Extrasensory Perception (GESP)Perception (GESP)

Cannot rule out possibility of Cannot rule out possibility of clairvoyance in telepathy studiesclairvoyance in telepathy studies

Cannot rule out precognition in Cannot rule out precognition in clairvoyance studiesclairvoyance studies

Cannot rule out PK in precognition Cannot rule out PK in precognition studiesstudies

So Rhine preferred GESP!So Rhine preferred GESP!

Page 79: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Rhine’s Dice PK StudiesRhine’s Dice PK Studies

Page 80: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Rhine’s Book (1934)Rhine’s Book (1934)

Page 81: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Response to Rhine (1934)Response to Rhine (1934)

Attempts at replicationAttempts at replication– Some claimed successSome claimed success– Many failures (especially in Britain)Many failures (especially in Britain)

Statistical criticismsStatistical criticisms– Technically correct, but insubstantialTechnically correct, but insubstantial

Methodological criticismsMethodological criticisms– More seriousMore serious

Led to improvements in methodologyLed to improvements in methodology

Page 82: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Samuel George SoalSamuel George SoalBritish MathematicianBritish Mathematician

Page 83: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Soal’s Attempted Soal’s Attempted ReplicationReplication

Around 160 participantsAround 160 participants 128,350 trials128,350 trials Attempted to remove all flaws and Attempted to remove all flaws and

weaknesses from Rhine’s designweaknesses from Rhine’s design No deviation from chance expectationNo deviation from chance expectation But then found displacement effects But then found displacement effects

for Gloria Stewart and Basil for Gloria Stewart and Basil ShackletonShackleton

Page 84: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

New Series of StudiesNew Series of Studies

Shackleton’s performance at MCE Shackleton’s performance at MCE for direct hitsfor direct hits

But p-value with respect to next But p-value with respect to next card in series at 1 in 10card in series at 1 in 103535!!

Stewart obtained a direct hit rate Stewart obtained a direct hit rate with p-value of 10with p-value of 107979!!

Page 85: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

George Price’s (1955) George Price’s (1955) CritiqueCritique

Review of Soal and Bateman (1954) Review of Soal and Bateman (1954) Modern Experiments in Telepathy Modern Experiments in Telepathy in in ScienceScience

Results in favour of psi must be due Results in favour of psi must be due to:to:– "clerical and statistical errors and "clerical and statistical errors and

unintentional use of sensory clues" or unintentional use of sensory clues" or – "deliberate fraud or mildly abnormal "deliberate fraud or mildly abnormal

mental conditions."mental conditions."

Page 86: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Exposing Soal’s FraudExposing Soal’s Fraud

Mrs Gretl’s allegationsMrs Gretl’s allegations Published in 1960 by Soal and GoldneyPublished in 1960 by Soal and Goldney Medhurst’s (1971) analysisMedhurst’s (1971) analysis Scott & Haskell’s (1973, 1974) Scott & Haskell’s (1973, 1974)

analysesanalyses Markwick’s (1978) analysisMarkwick’s (1978) analysis J G Pratt still maintains Soal’s J G Pratt still maintains Soal’s

innocenceinnocence

Page 87: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

Fraud Within Fraud Within ParapsychologyParapsychology

Historical evidence of fraudulent Historical evidence of fraudulent mediumsmediums

S G SoalS G Soal Walter Levy in 1970sWalter Levy in 1970s Circumstantial evidence against Circumstantial evidence against

Uri GellerUri Geller ““Geller kids”Geller kids” Are parapsychologists easy to fool?Are parapsychologists easy to fool?

Page 88: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

James Randi’s (1980)James Randi’s (1980)Project AlphaProject Alpha

Steve Shaw and Michael EdwardsSteve Shaw and Michael Edwards McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical

Research, Washington UniversityResearch, Washington University Over two year period, performed all Over two year period, performed all

standard tricks: metal bending, standard tricks: metal bending, mind reading, divining contents of mind reading, divining contents of sealed envelopes, etcsealed envelopes, etc

Described as “gifted psychic Described as “gifted psychic subjects”subjects”

Page 89: Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence from antiquity n 3. The rise of spiritualism n 4. The

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

With thanks to Hilary Evans, With thanks to Hilary Evans, proprietor of the Mary Evans proprietor of the Mary Evans Picture Library, for permission to Picture Library, for permission to use illustrations featured in this use illustrations featured in this presentation. These illustrations presentation. These illustrations must not be reproduced in any must not be reproduced in any form without permission from the form without permission from the Mary Evans Picture Library.Mary Evans Picture Library.


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CLINICAL PARAPSYCHOLOGY: EXTRASENSORY EXCEPTIONAL ...qpsychics.com/files/look/ClinicalParapsychologyIntro.pdf · Clinical Parapsychology: Extrasensory Exceptional Experiences is a

CLINICAL PARAPSYCHOLOGY: EXTRASENSORY EXCEPTIONAL ...qpsychics.com/files/look/ClinicalParapsychologyIntro.pdf · Clinical Parapsychology: Extrasensory Exceptional Experiences is a

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History of Parapsychology

History of Parapsychology

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A Definition of Parapsychology - I.S.R.A.E.israenet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ADefinitionofParapsychology.pdfA Definition of Parapsychology Parapsychology: the scientific study

A Definition of Parapsychology - I.S.R.A.E.israenet.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ADefinitionofParapsychology.pdfA Definition of Parapsychology Parapsychology: the scientific study

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Defining Parapsychology

Defining Parapsychology

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Researches in the phenomena of spiritualism - IAPSOP€¦ · RESEARCHES THE PHENOMENA SPIRITUALISM. WILLIAM Cfeoofcgs, hge.; E,_l. ~: ... SPIRITUALISM VIEWED BY THE _ LIGHT …

Researches in the phenomena of spiritualism - IAPSOP€¦ · RESEARCHES THE PHENOMENA SPIRITUALISM. WILLIAM Cfeoofcgs, hge.; E,_l. ~: ... SPIRITUALISM VIEWED BY THE _ LIGHT …

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Original publication information: Journal of Parapsychology Vol. … · 2010-03-25 · parapsychology" and six strategies for parapsychology to adopt as it enters the twenty-first

Original publication information: Journal of Parapsychology Vol. … · 2010-03-25 · parapsychology" and six strategies for parapsychology to adopt as it enters the twenty-first

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Web Based Education In Parapsychology

Web Based Education In Parapsychology

Education
; SPIRITUALISM AND CHARLATANISM; - IAPSOP · 2014. 9. 6. · SPIRITUALISM CHAPTER I. ItwasearlyinFebruary.Theclockhadstruckfour,and thebusyhumofWallstreetwasbeginningtosinktorest

; SPIRITUALISM AND CHARLATANISM; - IAPSOP · 2014. 9. 6. · SPIRITUALISM CHAPTER I. ItwasearlyinFebruary.Theclockhadstruckfour,and thebusyhumofWallstreetwasbeginningtosinktorest

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Spiritualism And Magnetism

Spiritualism And Magnetism

Spiritual
Article on Spiritualism

Article on Spiritualism

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Parapsychology in the University Setting

Parapsychology in the University Setting

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European Journal of Parapsychology v20-1.pdf · European Journal of Parapsychology c 2005 European Journal of Parapsychology Volume 20.1, pages 3-21 ISSN: 0168-7263 Everyday Miracles:

European Journal of Parapsychology v20-1.pdf · European Journal of Parapsychology c 2005 European Journal of Parapsychology Volume 20.1, pages 3-21 ISSN: 0168-7263 Everyday Miracles:

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Spiritualism / Occultism / Theosophy:

Spiritualism / Occultism / Theosophy:

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DEVOTED TO RATIONAL SPIRITUALISM ATSTD PRACTICAL …€¦ · devoted to rational spiritualism atstd practical reform. - - k . 'n e w s e r i e s . b o s t o n , n e w y o r k a n

DEVOTED TO RATIONAL SPIRITUALISM ATSTD PRACTICAL …€¦ · devoted to rational spiritualism atstd practical reform. - - k . 'n e w s e r i e s . b o s t o n , n e w y o r k a n

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SOVIET AND CZECHSLOVAKIAN PARAPSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH

SOVIET AND CZECHSLOVAKIAN PARAPSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH

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GW parapsychology

GW parapsychology

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A OF SPIRITUALISM

A OF SPIRITUALISM

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CRYPTOMNESIA AND PARAPSYCHOLOGY*

CRYPTOMNESIA AND PARAPSYCHOLOGY*

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