Lecture 19 GIS Project Design

and Management

+Case Studies

Management Responsibilities

• Planning– Design– Strategy– Staffing

• Standardize– Interoperability– Reuse

• Document– Assume personnel loss and turnover– Write formal documents

Ten step GIS Planning MethodologyTomlinson, Thinking About GIS

• Consider the strategic purpose• Plan for the planning• Conduct a technology seminar• Describe the information products• Define the system scope• Create a data design• Choose a logical model• Determine system requirements• Benefit-cost, migration and risk analysis• Make an implementation plan

Needs Assessment

Concept. Design

Physical Design

Implementation

7. Request forProposal (RFP)

11. Implementation

Plan

12.Contract

13. Acceptance Testing

1.Definition ofObjectives

2. User Requirements

3. Preliminary Design

4. Cost-BenefitAnalysis

5. Pilot Study

Analysis of Requirements

6. Final Design

8. Shortlisting

9. Benchmark Testing

10. Cost-Effectiveness

Evaluation

A Fourteen Step Implementation Process!

14. Implementation

Source: Longley, et. al. p. 391

(assumes external acquisition)

Specification of Requirements

Evaluation ofAlternatives

Implementation of System

Project Management Tools

• WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) chart

• GANNT Charts

• PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

• SWOT analysis

• RISK Management Plan

WBS Chart

GANNT Chart

PERT Chart

Program Evaluation and Review Technique

SWOT Analysis

Risk Management Plan

• Identify the risks

• Rate the risks

• Establish triggers for problems

• Identify mitigating actions

• Identify the owner of the risk

Which level of GIS?

• Project• Single department application (Departmental

GIS)• Multi departmental application• Enterprise system (Enterprise GIS)• Multi Organizational endeavor (Community GIS)

• Organizational Environment– Expected result is a product, e.g a map or

report– Project has an end date and finite project– No long-term support expected & no

commitment to ongoing GIS– Little organizational impact

• GIS Implementation Approach– One-time effort – Need best tool for the job– Consultant or contractor may do entire thing

Level I: Project

• Organizational Environment– Small Organization or Single Department– Well-defined, existing business function to be supported – Ongoing support is required but no commitment to GIS– Little or no reorganization e.g. manual drafters shift to GIS

workstation– Managed by departmental responsible for business activity

• GIS Implementation Approach– PC or standalone workstation– maybe CAD focused– Little or no integration with attribute databases

– Little sharing of information within or beyond department

Level II: Single Department

• Organizational Environment– Mid-size to large organization, more than one department– More significant commitment of staff and budget to GIS– Ongoing support and update strategies– Some organizational implications (“Champion”) – Managed by cooperating departments

• GIS Implementation– Multiple, networked PCs/workstations– Topological GIS– Object/Relational database– Some information sharing between departments

Level III: Multi-Department

• Organizational Environment– Usually medium to large organization, multiple

departments– High level long-term commitment to GIS– Organization-level strategic planning, distributed

implementation and maintenance– Incorporation of GIS as part of organizational

infrastructure – Corporate management support and involvement is

essential

• GIS Implementation– Distributed client-server network(s)– Integration of multiple GIS, database, and related

technologies– Multi-department data sharing, standards and metadata

Level IV: Enterprise System

Level V: Multi-Organizational

• Organizational Environment– Public organizations or industry alliance– Multi-participant organizational structure for planning and policy– Distributed maintenance responsibilities across organizations– Long-term, high level commitments among participating organizations– Significant reorganization of functions across organizations

• GIS Implementation– Distributed maintenance of shared elements– Data exchange facility and standards and metadata, Internet or other

WAN– Data integration from multiple technologies

GIS Development CycleGIS Development Cycle

NeedsAssessment

ConceptualDesign

DatabasePlanningand DesignAvailable

Data Survey

Pilot / Benchmark

HW and SW Survey

DatabaseConstruction

Acquisition ofGIS HW andSW

GIS SystemIntegration

Application

Development

GIS Use and

Database

Maintenance

First decides what the GIS should do, second decide how the GIS will accomplish each task.

1. Needs Assessment1. Needs Assessment• Interviews, focus groups can capture the

needs of a dept (managers, users, customers)

• Compiling the results of the needs assessment– Master data list– Master function list– Budget constraints

• Assess available systems• Select the system

2. Design and Choose a Data Model

The conceptual data model is a high level view, independent of the computer system.– Identify the elements of the data model and

their relationship to one another (flowchart)– Create a list of actions the system must

perform.– Identify system inputs and outputs.– Group actions, inputs and outputs into a

logical order,

2. Design and Choose a Data Model

The physical data model describes the organization of the data in the computer.– Choose a physical model that is closest to the

aspects of the real world which you wish to model.

– May be straight forward – vector for road network.

– Not so straight forward – TIN or DEM for terrain analysis

3. Designing the Analysis

Cartographic Modeling– Identify the map layers or spatial data

required.– Use natural language to explain the

processes involved.– Draw a flow chart of step 2.– Annotate the flow chart with commands

necessary to perform the operations within the GIS.

Cartographic modeling

Cartographic models

Often represented with flowcharts; graphically representing the spatial data, operations and their sequence

Stages in Developing an Application

• The waterfall approach – a linear approach to the management , development and implementation of a system.

• The prototyping approach

• Pilot project

Waterfall Approach

• Methodology– Feasibility study– System investigation and system analysis– System design– Implementation review and maintenance

• Problems with the approach.– Often misses the problem context for the group for whom it is

being developed.– Limits flexibility for change in the scope and timeline of the

project.– Does not put the user at the center of the design.– Considered to be technocratic view of system development.

Prototyping

Figure 12.5 The prototyping approach

Advantages of Prototyping

• Users have more direct involvement in the design of the system.

• It is easier to adapt the system in the face of changing circumstances.

• It can be easily abandoned if it fails to meet users needs.

• If time and money are available a number of prototypes can be built.

Problems of Prototyping

• Can be difficult to manage– Large number of users– Differing opinions

• Resource implications may change after development of the prototype.

• Knowing when to stop development can be a problem.

Pilot Projects

• As a demonstration, to show potential users the possible utility of GIS

• As an experiment to test a particular technical aspect of implementation

• As a temporary operation or production environment to assess operational feasibility or to determine organizational impact

• As a trail run to test adequacy of project planing and design

• As a benchmark test to compare hardware, software, network configurations being considered

GIS Implementation issues

• GIS Paradigm– Use of spatial location as integrating framework for

information– Power of spatial analysis

• Geographic Data Management Principles– Extend data management principles to include geography– Builds on standard IT practice

• Technology– Select appropriate GIS-enabling technology and plan to

evolve– Follow and exploit new technologies

• Organizational Setting– Organizational setting a crucial ingredient to success/failure– Level and nature of enterprise

Implementation Problems

• Data in the wrong format for the software.

• A lack of GIS knowledge imposing technical and conceptual constraints on the project.

• Users frequently changing their mind about what they want.

4. Project Evaluation

Test and evaluate the output– Difficult if the output is being used to make

predictions,– Tests to see if the GIS meets its goals

• Are people using the application for which it was designed?

• Check the output against reality.• Evaluate the changes that had to be made through

the development stages from rich picture to implementation.

Case Study 1Exploring Response Times

Which areas are within a four-minute drive time of a fire station

in a particular city.

A Street Map with City Boundary

Step 1

• Find areas within a four-minute drive time of a fire station during both light and heavy traffic conditions.

• In ArcGIS for Desktop you use the Network Analyst service area solver to create drive-time areas.

• You will need to have the Network Analyst extension installed, and a street network dataset that contains traffic information.

• First, add the Network analyst toolbar and create a New Service Area.

• Right-click Service Area in the table of contents and select Properties.

• On the Analysis Settings tab, set the drive time (Default Breaks) to 4 minutes and specify the day of week (Tuesday) and time of day (2:00 am).

• Click Solve on the Network Analyst toolbar to calculate and display the drive-time areas.

• To save the drive-time polygons, export them and add them to your map when prompted.

Area within a four-minute drive time from a fire station during light traffic conditions (2:00 a.m. on a Tuesday morning)

Step 2

• To find areas within four minutes of a fire station on a typical Friday afternoon at 5:00 p.m., open the Service Area layer properties dialog box again, and on the Analysis Settings tab, change the Time of Day and Day of Week settings to 5 PM on Friday. Then click the Solve button on the Network Analyst toolbar, and export the resulting drive-time polygons, as before.

Area within a four-minute drive time from a fire station during heavy traffic conditions (5:00 p.m. on a Friday afternoon)

Step 3

• Find out how many minutes from a fire station the farthest parts of the city are.

• To find areas within 6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes of a fire station on a typical Friday afternoon at 5:00 p.m., open the Service Area layer properties dialog box, and on the Analysis Settings tab, change the Default Breaks to 6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes.

• Once again click the Solve button on the Network Analyst toolbar, and export the resulting drive-time polygons.

Areas within 6, 8, 10, or 12 minutes of a fire station. Most of the populated part of the city is within 6 or 8 minutes.

Case 2Are there any places in the city

to build a mixed-use development?

Introduction• With the success of several medium-sized mixed-use

developments that have been built in the city over the past decade, a real estate analyst for a local development company has been keeping an eye on the market.

• The company wants to build several small mixed-use developments with a restaurant or shops at street level and three or four floors of housing or office space above.

• The analyst is particularly interested in locations of existing gas stations as potential sites.

• With fewer people driving, especially in urban centers, and improved fuel mileage in cars, profit margins for station owners are getting thinner and thinner. Many are realizing they can make more money by selling the land to developers.

Using information on the location of light rail stops, selected businesses, and the regional plan, theanalyst will attempt to identify areas that might be good candidates for small mixed-use development projects.

Find areas within a quarter-mile of a store or restaurant, light rail

stop, or planned commercial district.

Step 1

• Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile buffer around the light rail stops.

Step 2

• Use Select By Attributes with businesses to select restaurants and bars, clothing stores, and home furnishings stores.

• These correspond to Department of Labor SIC2 codes 56, 57, and 58.

Step 3

• Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile buffer around the selected businesses.

Steps 4 & 5

• Use Select By Attributes with the regional plan layer to select neighborhood commercial districts.

• These correspond to the CC and CN regional plan codes.

• Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile buffer around the commercial districts.

The buffer layers for light rail stops, shops and restaurants, and planned commercial districts are displayed together.

Potential development areas are displayed with the locations of gas stations.

Step 6

• Use the Union tool to combine the light rail stop buffer layer and the shop and restaurant buffer layer.

• Union allows you to combine several layers at one time.

Step 7

• Then use Dissolve to erase the residual buffer boundaries.

Step 8

• Display the layer of potential development areas with locations of gas stations.

The three buffer layers have been combined using Union to create the layer of potential development areas.

Display the layer of potential development areas with

locations of gas stations.

Steps 1, 2 & 3

• Use Select By Attributes with the businesses to select gas stations. These correspond to SIC code 5541.

• To display the gas stations and the layer of potential development areas, create a layer from the selected set (the gas stations).

• Change the symbol used to draw gas stations to Gas.

Display the layer of potential development areas with

existing mixed-use zone areas.

Step 1

• Use Select By Attributes with the zoning layer to select the mixed-use zones.

• These correspond to regional zoning codes MUC1 and MUC2.

• Create a layer from the selected features (as with gas stations, above) and display the mixed-use zones layer with the layer of potential development areas.

Summarize the amount of land currently and potentially zoned

for mixed use.

Step 1• For the zoning layer, calculate the area of

each zone—in square miles—by adding a field to the attribute table.

Step 2

• Then use the Calculate Geometry option to calculate the area for each zone.

Step 3

• Right-click the new field and click Statistics to get the sum of the area currently zoned for mixed use.

Step 4• Clip the potential development areas using

the city boundary to get only the development areas inside the city.

Step 5

• Clip creates a single output feature representing the areas of the potential mixed-use development.

• Calculate the area in square miles by adding a field to the attribute table and using the Calculate Geometry option (as shown above for the existing mixed-use zones).

• You can then enter the area values for the mixed-use zoning and potential development areas into a spreadsheet to create the bar chart.

Potential development areas are displayed with current mixed-use zoning.

A chart showing the amount of land currently zoned for mixed-use development compared to the amount of land in the development area layer

While not all of that area can be rezoned, the map and chart show that there is potentially much more land that could be used for mixed-use developments.