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©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Lectu
re #
18
Pro
f. J
oh
n W
. S
uth
erl
an
d
Feb
ruary
22, 2006
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Fro
m l
ast
tim
e…
�S
E is a
n in
terd
iscip
lin
ary
ap
pro
ach
an
d m
ean
s t
o e
nab
le r
ealizati
on
of
su
ccessfu
l syste
ms
�It
is v
ery
qu
an
tita
tive in
clu
din
g
trad
eo
ff, o
pti
miz
ati
on
, sele
cti
on
, an
d
inte
gra
tio
n o
f te
ch
niq
ues/p
rod
ucts
fr
om
vari
ou
s e
ng
ineeri
ng
dis
cip
lin
es
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
SE
To
ols
Ta
xo
no
my -
To
p L
evel
Copyright 1998-2
004 Inte
rnational C
ouncil
on S
yste
ms E
ngin
eering
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Man
ag
em
en
t T
oo
ls
�C
on
fig
ura
tio
n M
an
ag
em
en
t: m
an
ag
ing
syste
m b
aselin
es, b
oth
p
rod
ucts
of
the e
ng
ineeri
ng
pro
cess a
nd
th
e t
oo
ls u
sed
to
cre
ate
th
ose p
rod
ucts
/ serv
ices. V
ers
ion
co
ntr
ol, b
aselin
e
co
ntr
ol, c
han
ge h
isto
ry, ch
eck-i
n/c
heck-o
ut
co
ntr
ol, c
han
ge
an
d a
rch
ivin
g c
ap
ab
ilit
ies o
f b
oth
pro
cess a
nd
pro
du
ct/
serv
ice.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Man
ag
em
en
t T
oo
ls
�W
ork
Flo
w M
an
ag
em
en
t to
ols
: u
sed
to
defi
ne a
nd
sch
ed
ule
task
s,
an
d m
ake w
ork
assig
nm
en
ts.
Mo
nit
or
pro
gre
ss,
task p
rio
riti
zati
on
, an
d s
up
po
rt
task r
evie
w/a
pp
roval. Id
en
tify
reso
urc
e l
oad
s a
nd
cri
tical p
ath
s.
Au
tom
ati
on
can
help
en
forc
e t
he
Inte
gra
ted
Pro
du
ct
Develo
pm
en
t P
rocess
th
rou
gh
th
e u
se o
f p
re-d
efi
ned
wo
rkfl
ow
mo
dels
.
�R
isk M
an
ag
em
en
t to
ols
su
pp
ort
qu
alita
tive r
isk
iden
tifi
cati
on
an
d q
uan
tita
tive r
isk a
naly
sis
an
d
vis
uali
zati
on
. M
an
ag
e t
ech
nic
al, c
ost,
an
d s
ch
ed
ule
ri
sks.
Su
pp
ort
s m
an
ag
em
en
t d
ecis
ion
s, id
en
tifi
es
risk p
rio
riti
zed
by p
rog
ram
im
pact,
an
d g
en
era
tes
risk m
itig
ati
on
pla
ns.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Man
ag
em
en
t T
oo
ls
�C
os
t E
sti
ma
tio
n a
nd
Tra
ck
ing
to
ols
: e
sti
ma
te
the
co
st
of
tas
ks
an
d r
oll
co
sts
in
to t
ota
l p
roje
ct
co
st.
Tra
ck
th
e c
os
t o
f th
e p
roje
ct
du
rin
g d
ev
elo
pm
en
t a
nd
in
terf
ac
e w
ith
th
e
org
an
iza
tio
n's
fin
an
cia
l re
co
rdin
g a
nd
re
po
rtin
g s
ys
tem
.
�D
efe
ct
Tra
ck
ing
to
ols
: u
se
d t
o r
ec
ord
sys
tem
d
efe
cts
an
d c
ha
ng
e r
eq
ue
sts
fo
un
d i
n
pro
du
ct
tes
tin
g a
nd
in
th
e f
ield
. T
rac
k d
efe
ct
de
tail
s.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Info
rma
tio
n S
hari
ng
To
ols
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Infr
as
tru
ctu
re S
up
po
rt T
oo
ls
�T
oo
ls t
hat
assis
t in
th
e a
dm
inis
trati
on
of
co
mp
ute
r-b
ased
sys
tem
s.
�N
etw
ork
Su
pp
ort
To
ols
assis
t in
th
e d
ocu
men
tati
on
, m
ain
ten
an
ce a
nd
perf
orm
an
ce a
naly
sis
of
co
mp
ute
r-b
ased
netw
ork
s.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Syste
m M
od
eli
ng
To
ols
�B
eh
avio
ral
Mo
delin
g f
all
s in
to t
wo
cate
go
ries,
sta
tic
an
d d
yn
am
ic –
mo
del
the f
un
cti
on
al cap
ab
ilit
ies o
f a
syste
m a
nd
its
resp
on
se t
o e
ven
ts.
�S
tati
c B
eh
avio
r M
od
elin
g –
sta
tic d
escri
pti
on
of
syste
m
beh
avio
r. S
tati
c im
plies t
hat
the m
od
el m
ay r
ep
resen
t d
yn
am
ic b
eh
avio
r, b
ut
it is n
ot
execu
tab
le. E
xam
ple
s o
f sta
tic b
eh
avio
ral m
od
els
are
Fu
ncti
on
al F
low
Blo
ck
Dia
gra
ms a
nd
Sta
te T
ran
sit
ion
Dia
gra
ms
�D
yn
am
ic B
eh
avio
r M
od
elin
g –
dyn
am
ic d
escri
pti
on
of
syste
m b
eh
avio
r. T
hese m
od
els
are
execu
tab
le t
hro
ug
h
sim
ula
tio
n a
nd
pro
toty
pin
g�
Pro
toty
pin
g t
ech
niq
ues a
re u
se
d t
o d
evelo
p o
r veri
fy
Hu
man
Mach
ine In
terf
ace (
HM
I) d
esig
n b
y m
od
eli
ng
th
e in
tera
cti
on
of
op
era
tors
or
users
wit
h t
he s
yste
m.
De
scri
be in
pu
t/o
utp
ut
scre
en
s, to
dep
ict
part
s o
f th
e
syste
m,
an
d a
nim
ate
th
ese p
resen
tati
on
s.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Syste
m M
od
elin
g –
an
im
po
rtan
t to
ol
�A
fter
overv
iew
of
SE
to
ols
–evid
en
t th
at
“m
od
elin
g”
is a
cru
cia
l ele
men
t.
Sim
ula
tio
n M
od
els
to
An
aly
ze C
om
ple
x
Tra
ffic
Syste
ms
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Mo
deli
ng
�T
he m
od
elin
g s
tep
seeks t
o r
ela
te
the in
pu
ts a
nd
ou
tpu
ts o
f a s
yste
m.
Th
is s
tep
is c
om
plic
ate
d b
ecau
se
of
the v
ari
ety
of
too
ls a
nd
meth
od
s
that
exis
t.
�1st
ap
pro
ach
–fi
rst
pri
ncip
les
�2n
d a
pp
roach
–w
ork
wit
h d
ata
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Pro
ce
ss S
tru
ctu
re
�G
iven
th
e v
ari
ety
in
mo
delin
g t
oo
ls
an
d m
eth
od
s, so
me o
rgan
izin
g
str
uctu
re is n
eed
ed
.�
Based
on
co
mm
on
ch
ara
cte
risti
cs,
an
ap
pro
pri
ate
cla
ssif
icati
on
syste
m f
or
pro
cesses m
ay h
elp
d
ecis
ion
-makers
un
ders
tan
d t
he
natu
re o
f a p
rocess
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Pro
cess C
lassif
icati
on
Syste
m
Xue, F
ilipovic
, P
andit
and S
uth
erland, 2000
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Cla
ssif
icati
on
Cri
teri
a
�M
ech
an
ism
�D
iffe
ren
t p
rocesses r
ely
on
dif
fere
nt
mech
an
ism
s
�T
ime-s
cale
�P
rocesses c
an
be v
iew
ed
as
op
era
tin
g d
iscre
tely
or
co
nti
nu
ou
sly
b
ased
on
th
e in
tere
sts
of
the m
od
ele
r
�D
yn
am
ics
�S
tati
c v
s. d
yn
am
ic
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Cla
ssif
icati
on
Cri
teri
a
�U
ncert
ain
ty�
Dete
rmin
isti
c v
s. sto
ch
asti
c
�S
co
pe
�H
ow
mu
ch
do
we w
ish
to
descri
be
�S
ing
le v
s. m
ult
i-sta
ge s
yste
m
�Q
uan
tity
(d
ura
tio
n)
�L
on
g t
erm
–m
an
y o
utc
om
es
�S
ho
rt t
erm
–sin
gle
ou
tco
me
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Cri
teri
a
�M
ost
of
the c
rite
ria –
ad
op
t so
me
pers
pecti
ve. P
ers
pecti
ve u
ltim
ate
ly
imp
acts
typ
e o
f m
od
els
develo
ped
.
�R
em
em
ber:
vie
wp
oin
t o
f m
od
ele
r is
su
bje
cti
ve s
ince p
rocesses/
syste
ms t
en
d t
o lie
so
mew
here
in
b
etw
een
en
dp
oin
ts a
sso
cia
ted
wit
h
each
cri
teri
on
.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Mo
deli
ng
Meth
od
s
�M
od
elin
g m
eth
od
s f
or
pro
cesses
can
be b
roken
do
wn
in
to t
wo
cate
go
ries:
�A
naly
tical
�D
ata
-based
(em
pir
ical)
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
An
aly
tical
Mo
dels
�T
hey a
re d
evelo
ped
based
on
natu
ral
law
s (
e.g
., p
hysic
s a
nd
ch
em
istr
y).
�T
o d
evelo
p a
n A
M r
eq
uir
es a
fu
nd
am
en
tal u
nd
ers
tan
din
g o
f th
e
un
derl
yin
g m
ech
an
ism
s in
th
e p
rocess
�M
od
el fo
rms:
alg
eb
raic
eq
s., d
iffe
ren
tial
eq
s., d
iffe
ren
ce e
qs., e
tc.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Tim
e-S
cale
Cri
teri
on
�It
sh
ou
ld b
e n
ote
d t
hat
data
are
alm
ost
alw
ays c
ollecte
d d
iscre
tely
(i
.e., s
am
ple
d d
ata
), lead
ing
to
m
od
els
of
dis
cre
te f
orm
.
�If
desir
ed
, an
d a
pp
rop
riate
, th
ese
mo
dels
can
be c
on
vert
ed
in
to
co
nti
nu
ou
s t
ime f
orm
.
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Qu
an
tity
Cri
teri
on
�It
is n
ote
d t
hat
so
me s
itu
ati
on
s
may r
eq
uir
e a
dd
itio
nal vari
ab
les/
dim
en
sio
nality
–h
an
dle
d b
y:
�Ig
no
rin
g t
he a
dd
itio
nal d
imen
sio
ns
�A
pp
lyin
g s
tati
sti
cal m
eth
od
s
�A
cco
un
tin
g f
or
the a
dd
ed
d
imen
sio
ns in
th
e m
od
el
©Jo
hn
W. S
uth
erla
nd
Serv
ice P
rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
ical E
ng
ineeri
ng
-E
ng
ineeri
ng
Mech
an
ics
Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
ity
Un
cert
ain
ty C
rite
rio
n
�W
hen
a h
igh
level o
f u
ncert
ain
ty is
pre
sen
t, m
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s
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th
e
mo
dels
to
th
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ata
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east
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s
©Jo
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W. S
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Serv
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Dep
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an
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an
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Tech
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ical
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yn
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pri
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merg
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W. S
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Serv
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Dep
t. o
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an
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Tech
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ical
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1.
Sim
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Fu
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on
Mo
de
l
�S
tati
c/s
ing
le-s
tag
e.
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his
mo
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late
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ou
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a
set
of
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th
rou
gh
a f
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Y =
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2, …
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2, …
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l case o
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tpu
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BX
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W. S
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Serv
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Syste
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Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
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ng
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ng
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Mech
an
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Mic
hig
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Tech
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log
ical
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2. T
ime D
ep
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t F
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cti
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Mo
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�D
yn
am
ic/s
ing
le-s
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e p
rocess.
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tes c
urr
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e o
f re
sp
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o
past
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f th
e r
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rocess in
pu
ts.
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or
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al
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descri
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ith
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cu
s
on
data
-dri
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mo
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, a d
iffe
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on
mo
del fo
rm is a
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pte
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k-1
, y
k-2
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,…,x
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j)
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k=
1.0
1M
k-1
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k
©Jo
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W. S
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Serv
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rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
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ng
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Mech
an
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Mic
hig
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Tech
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log
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2. T
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Mo
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en
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n h
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rical in
pu
t a
nd
ou
tpu
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ata
fr
om
a p
rocess (
tim
e s
eri
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r su
ch
cases, u
ncert
ain
ty is
gen
era
lly a
co
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n a
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lea
st
sq
uare
s m
eth
od
s a
re t
yp
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em
plo
yed
to
esti
mate
th
e m
od
el
para
mete
rs
©Jo
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W. S
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erla
nd
Serv
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rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
ech
an
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ng
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ng
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Mech
an
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hig
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Tech
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ical
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3. D
iscre
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ven
t S
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Mo
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or
a s
tati
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itu
ati
on
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l in
terc
on
necte
d p
rocesses a
re
co
nsid
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d�
Mo
delin
g e
mp
hasis
pla
ced
on
beh
avio
r o
f syste
m, ra
ther
than
on
deta
ils
asso
cia
ted
wit
h in
div
idu
al p
rocesses.
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he p
rocesses c
an
be v
iew
ed
as
dis
cre
te e
ven
ts.
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LA
M�
Mo
nte
Ca
rlo
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W. S
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Serv
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Syste
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Dep
t. o
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ech
an
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ng
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Mech
an
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Mic
hig
an
Tech
no
log
ical
Un
ivers
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4. C
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tin
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us S
yste
m S
imu
lati
on
Mo
del
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sefu
l fo
r d
escri
bin
g s
yste
ms in
wh
ich
in
tere
st
is p
laced
on
bo
th t
ime b
eh
avio
r o
f in
div
idu
al p
rocess a
nd
syste
m its
elf
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tate
of
the s
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m –
rep
resen
ted
by
vari
ab
les t
hat
ch
an
ge o
ver
tim
e.
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on
str
ucte
d b
y d
evelo
pin
g e
qu
ati
on
s
for
a s
et
of
sta
te v
ari
ab
les w
ho
se
dyn
am
ic b
eh
avio
r sim
ula
tes t
he r
eal
syste
m.
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CS
L�
Ma
tla
b/S
imu
lin
k
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W. S
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erla
nd
Serv
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rocesses &
Syste
ms
Dep
t. o
f M
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an
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ng
ineeri
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ng
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Mech
an
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Mic
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Tech
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ical
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Serv
ice
Mo
del
�S
erv
iceM
od
el:
sim
ula
tio
n s
oft
ware
fo
r evalu
ati
ng
, p
lan
nin
g, o
r d
esig
nin
g
serv
ice s
yste
ms. C
om
pu
ter-
based
m
od
el o
f syste
m –
test
vari
ety
of
scen
ari
os t
o f
ind
th
e b
est.
An
imati
on
&
gra
ph
ical o
utp
uts
fo
r vis
ualizin
g a
nd
u
nd
ers
tan
din
g s
yste
m b
eh
avio
r.�
Typ
ica
l a
pp
lic
ati
on
s o
f S
erv
ice
Mo
de
lin
clu
de
: •
Fin
an
cia
l S
erv
ice
s•
Lo
gis
tics
•B
usin
es
s R
een
gin
eeri
ng
