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Lecture 16 2
2nd Order Circuits
• Any circuit with a single capacitor, a single inductor, an arbitrary number of sources, and an arbitrary number of resistors is a circuit of order 2.
• Any voltage or current in such a circuit is the solution to a 2nd order differential equation.
Lecture 16 3
Important Concepts
• The differential equation
• Forced and homogeneous solutions
• The natural frequency and the damping ratio
Lecture 16 4
A 2nd Order RLC Circuit
• The source and resistor may be equivalent to a circuit with many resistors and sources.
R+
-Cvs(t)
i (t)
L
Lecture 16 5
Applications Modeled by a 2nd Order RLC Circuit
• Filters
– A bandpass filter such as the IF amp for the AM radio.
– A lowpass filter with a sharper cutoff than can be obtained with an RC circuit.
Lecture 16 6
The Differential Equation
KCL around the loop:
vr(t) + vc(t) + vl(t) = vs(t)
R+
-Cvs(t)
+
-
vc(t)
+ -vr(t)
L
+ -vl(t)
i (t)
Lecture 16 7
Differential Equation
)()(1)(
)( tvdxxiCdt
tdiLtRi s
t
dt
tdv
Lti
LCdt
tdi
L
R
dt
tid s )(1)(
1)()(2
2
Lecture 16 8
The Differential Equation
Most circuits with one capacitor and inductor are not as easy to analyze as the previous circuit. However, every voltage and current in such a circuit is the solution to a differential equation of the following form:
)()()(
2)( 2
002
2
tftidt
tdi
dt
tid
Lecture 16 9
Important Concepts
• The differential equation
• Forced and homogeneous solutions
• The natural frequency and the damping ratio
Lecture 16 10
The Particular Solution
• The particular solution ip(t) is usually a weighted sum of f(t) and its first and second derivatives.
• If f(t) is constant, then ip(t) is constant.
• If f(t) is sinusoidal, then ip(t) is sinusoidal.
Lecture 16 11
The Complementary Solution
The complementary solution has the following form:
K is a constant determined by initial conditions.
s is a constant determined by the coefficients of the differential equation.
stc Keti )(
Lecture 16 12
Complementary Solution
02 2002
2
ststst
Kedt
dKe
dt
Ked
02 200
2 ststst KesKeKes
02 200
2 ss
Lecture 16 13
Characteristic Equation
• To find the complementary solution, we need to solve the characteristic equation:
• The characteristic equation has two roots-call them s1 and s2.
02 200
2 ss
Lecture 16 14
Complementary Solution
• Each root (s1 and s2) contribute a term to the complementary solution.
• The complementary solution is (usually)
tstsc eKeKti 21
21)(
Lecture 16 15
Important Concepts
• The differential equation
• Forced and homogeneous solutions
• The natural frequency and the damping ratio
Lecture 16 16
Damping Ratio and Natural Frequency
• The damping ratio is .
• The damping ratio determines what type of solution we will get:
– Exponentially decreasing ( >1)
– Exponentially decreasing sinusoid ( < 1)
• The natural frequency is 0
– It determines how fast sinusoids wiggle.
Lecture 16 17
Roots of the Characteristic Equation
The roots of the characteristic equation determine whether the complementary solution wiggles.
12001 s
12002 s
Lecture 16 18
Real Unequal Roots
• If > 1, s1 and s2 are real and not equal.
• This solution is over damped.
tt
c eKeKti
1
2
1
1
200
200
)(
Lecture 16 19
Over Damped
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-1.00E-06
t
i(t)
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-1.00E-06
ti(t)
Lecture 16 20
Complex Roots
• If < 1, s1 and s2 are complex.
• Define the following constants:
• This solution is under damped.
tAtAeti ddt
c sincos)( 21
0 2
0 1 d
Lecture 16 21
Under Damped
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-1.00E-05 1.00E-05 3.00E-05
t
i(t)
Lecture 16 22
Real Equal Roots
• If = 1, s1 and s2 are real and equal.
• This solution is critically damped.
ttc teKeKti 00
21)(
Lecture 16 23
Example
• This is one possible implementation of the filter portion of the IF amplifier.
10+
-769pFvs(t)
i (t)
159H
Lecture 16 24
More of the Example
dt
tdv
Lti
LCdt
tdi
L
R
dt
tid s )(1)(
1)()(2
2
)()()(
2)( 2
002
2
tftidt
tdi
dt
tid
For the example, what are and 0?
Lecture 16 25
Even More Example
• = 0.011
• 0 = 2455000
• Is this system over damped, under damped, or critically damped?
• What will the current look like?
Lecture 16 26
Example (cont.)
• The shape of the current depends on the initial capacitor voltage and inductor current.
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-1.00E-05 1.00E-05 3.00E-05
t
i(t)
Lecture 16 27
Slightly Different Example
• Increase the resistor to 1k• What are and 0?
1k+
-769pFvs(t)
i (t)
159H
Lecture 16 28
More Different Example
• = 2.2
• 0 = 2455000
• Is this system over damped, under damped, or critically damped?
• What will the current look like?