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Lecture # 15: The Skeletal System-1. (Chapter 8). Objectives:. 1- Identify the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons. 2- Describe the general structure and components of the vertebral column. 3- Describe the criteria used to classify joints structurally and functionally. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Lecture # 15: The Skeletal System-1(Chapter 8)
Objectives:1- Identify the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons.
2- Describe the general structure and components of the vertebral column.
3- Describe the criteria used to classify joints structurally and functionally.
4- Describe the anatomical features common to all synovial joints, the six types of synovial joints, and the movements allowed at each type.
Costal facets
Projections that help to form joints: Head of the femurHead of the
humerus
Condyles
Anatomical Features (markings) of Bones
Process: Any bony prominence Olecranon process
Linea aspera
Condyle
Epicondyle
Trochanters
Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment:
Spine of scapula
Tibial tuberosity
Anterior crest
Lesser tubercle
Frontal sinus
Hypophyseal Fossa
Depressions:
Superior orbital fissure
Infraorbital foramen
Auditory canal
Fovea: A small pit
Alveolus: A pit or socket (tooth socket)
Alveolus
Passages and cavities:Canal: A tubular passage or tunnel in a bone
Meatus: An opening into a canal
Fovea capitis
Internal acoustic meatus
Skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic or rib cage
Hyoid bone
Cranial and Facial Bones
Parietal boneFrontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Mandible
Sphenoid bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture
Zygomatic process
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid processMandibular
condyle
Coronal suture
Temporal process
Mental foramen
SquamousRegion
Sagittal suture
CRANIAL BONES
FACIAL BONES
FRONTAL BONECoronal suture
SPHENOID BONE
Squamous suture
PARIETAL BONE
TEMPORAL BONE
Styloid process
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Mandibular condyle
ETHMOID BONE
MANDIBLE
NASAL BONE
LACRIMAL BONE
ZYGOMATIC BONE
MAXILLA OCCIPITAL BONE
Mandibular fossa
Lateral view
Zygomatic process
Cranial and Facial Bones
Frontal boneParietal bone
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Middle nasal conchaPerpendicular plate of Ethmoid
Vomer
Mandible
Zygomatic bone
Inferior nasal concha
Supraorbital margin
Supraorbital foramen
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Mental foramen
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Nasal septum
Middle nasal concha
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Alveolar process of
maxilla
Alveolar process of mandible
Septal cartilage
Mental foramen
Supra-orbital foramen
Infra-orbital foramen
FRONTAL BONE
Anterior view
CRANIAL BONES
FACIAL BONES
MAXILLA
VOMER
MANDIBLE
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
LACRIMAL BONE ETHMOID BONE
SPHENOID BONE
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA
ZYGOMATIC BONE
NASAL BONE
TEMPORAL BONE
PARIETAL BONE
Middle nasal concha (part of ethmoid)
Cribriform plateof ethmoid bone
Hypophyseal fossa Sella turcica
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Crista galli of ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Foramen magnum
Occipital bone
Petrous region
Interior view
Foramen magnum
Crista galli of ethmoid bone
Hypophyseal fossa
Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Optic foraminaSPHENOID
BONE
OCCIPITAL BONE
Petrous region of temporal
bone
Sella turcica
Palatine processof maxilla
Palatine bone
Foramen magnum
Lambdoid suture
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
Zygomatic process
Zygomatic arch
Vomer
Hard (bonny) palate
Mandibular fossa
Sphenoid bone
Styloid process
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Occipital condyles
Hard (bonny) palate
OCCIPITAL BONE
TEMPORAL BONE
Inferior view
Palatine process of
maxillaPALATINE
BONE
VOMER BONE
Mandibular fossaStyloid process
Mastoid process
Occipital condyles
Foramen magnum
External acoustic meatus
Temporal process
Zygomatic processZygomatic
arch
4- Provides attachments for limbs thoracic cage, and postural muscles
Vertebra ColumnFunctions:1- Supports the skull and trunk, and allows for their movement2- Protects the spinal cord3- Absorbs stress of walking, running, and lifting
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
Cervical curvature
Thoracic curvature
Lumbar curvature
Pelvic curvature
Scoliosis: It is an abnormal lateral curvature, due to a developmental abnormality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of the vertebrae. It is the most common, usually in thoracic region. It is particularly frequent in adolescent girls
Kyphosis (hunchback): It is an exaggerated thoracic curvature, usually from osteoporosis, also osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis, or wrestling or weightlifting in young boys
Lordosis (swayback): It is an exaggerated lumbar curvature. It is from pregnancy or obesity
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
Cervical region (7 vertebrae)
Thoracic region (12 vertebrae)
Lumbar region (5 vertebrae)
Sacral region (5 vertebrae)
E. The Vertebral Column
Lateral view
C7T1
T12L1
L5
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2) Intervertebral discs
(fibrocartilage)
Intervertebral foramina
Coccyx
Sacrum
Coccygeal region (3 or 4 vertebrae)
Spinous process
Body
Anterior
Posterior
Superior articularfacet
Transverseprocess
Vertebral foramen
Axis of rotationDens
Axis
Atlas
Transverseligament
Atlantoaxial joint (pivot joint)
Superior articularfacet ( articulates with the occipital condyle)
Occipital condyles
Occipital
Parietal Parietal
Occipital
Parietal Parietal
Vertebral foramen
Body
Cervical Vertebra
Superior view Lateral view
Spinous process
Transverse foramen
Spinous process
Body
Bifid tip of spinous process
Transverse foramen
Transverse process
Vertebral foramen
Transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib
Body
Body
Superior view Lateral view
Spinous process
Superior costal facet for head
of rib
Superior costal facet for head of rib
Inferior costal facet for head of rib
Spinous process
Thoracic Vertebra
Vertebral foramen
Body
Body
Superior view Lateral view
Spinous process
Transverse process
Spinous process
Lumbar Vertebra
Superior view
Lateral view
Thoracic (12) Cervical (7) Lumbar (5)
A comparison of vertebrae from cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions
Intervertebral foramina are passageways for spinal nerves running to or from the enclosed spinal cord
Intervertebral foramina
Vertebral foramen
Transverse foramina
Together, the vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae form the vertebral canal , which encloses the spinal cord
Transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae are passageways for vertebral artery (and vein, no shown)
Anterior view
Posterior view
Sacrum and Coccyx
Coccyx
Sacrum(Fused components of 5 vertebrae)
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Coccyx (3 to 5 coccygeal
vertebrae)
Superior articular processes
It articulates with the last lumbar vertebra (L5)
11
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8 9 9
T1
They are connected to the sternum by separated costal
cartilages
True or vertebrosternal
ribs (ribs 1-7)
False ribs (ribs 8-12)
T12
L1
1 1
2 2
3 3
44
55
6
7 7
6
Floating ribs Floating ribs
Floating or vertebral (11,12)
Costal cartilages
12 1211 11 1010
The Thoracic Cage
The Sternum
Anterior view
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Jugular notch
Sternal angle
It articulates with the sternal end of the scapula