Lecture 11 the Renaissance

8/9/2019 Lecture 11 the Renaissance

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The Renaissance


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The Renaissance

from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth";

Italian: Rinascimento, from re-"again" andnascere"be born"

A cultural movement that spanned roughly the

14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in thelate Middle Ages and later spreading to the restof Europe. The term is also used more loosely to

refer to the historic era, but since the changes ofthe Renaissance were not uniform, this is a verygeneral use of the term.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language


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Black Death

One theory that has been advanced is that thedevastation caused by the Black Death in Florence (and

elsewhere in Europe) resulted in a shift in the world viewof people in 14th-century Italy. Italy was particularlybadly hit by the plague, and it has been speculated thatthe familiarity with death that this brought thinkers to

dwell more on their lives on Earth, rather than onspirituality and the afterlife. It has also been argued thatthe Black Death prompted a new wave of piety,manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art.

However, this does not fully explain why theRenaissance occurred specifically in Italy in the 14thcentury. The Black Death was a pandemic that affectedall of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy. The

Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely theresult of the complex interaction of the above factors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Deathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death


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Black Death

The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of thedeadliest pandemics in human history, widely thought to

have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis(Bubonic plague), but recently attributed by some toother diseases.

The pandemic is thought to have begun in Central Asiaor India, and spread to Europe during the 1340s. Thetotal number of deaths worldwide is estimated at75 million people, approximately 2550 million of which

occurred in Europe. The Black Death is estimated tohave killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population. It mayhave reduced the world's population from an estimated450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yersinia_pestishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic


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The governments of Europe had no apparent response to the crisisbecause no one knew its cause or how it spread. In 1348, the

plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or governmentauthorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of theEuropean population had already perished. In crowded cities, it wasnot uncommon for as much as fifty percent of the population to die.Monasteries and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for

the Black Death's victims. Because fourteenth century healers wereat a loss to explain the cause, Europeans turned to astrologicalforces, earthquakes, and the poisoning of wells by Jews as possiblereasons for the plague's emergence. No one in the fourteenthcentury considered rat control a way to ward off the plague, and

people began to believe only God's anger could produce suchhorrific displays. There were many attacks against Jewishcommunities. In August of 1349, the Jewish communities of Mainzand Cologne were exterminated. In February of that same year,Christians murdered two thousand Jews in Strasbourg. Where

government authorities were concerned, most monarchs institutedmeasures that prohibited exports of foodstuffs, condemned blackmarket speculators, set price controls on grain, and outlawed large-scale fishing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colognehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colognehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colognehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz


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Illustration of the Black Death

from the Toggenburg Bible (1411)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toggenburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toggenburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Black_Death.jpg


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Monks, disfigured by the plague,being blessed by a priest.England, 136075

Jews are burnt alive.


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Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence and patron of arts
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medicihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici


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It has long been a matter of debate why the

Renaissance began in Florence, and notelsewhere in Italy. Scholars have noted severalfeatures unique to Florentine cultural life whichmay have caused such a cultural movement.Many have emphasized the role played by the

Medici family in patronizing and stimulating thearts. Lorenzo de' Medici devoted huge sums tocommissioning works from Florence's leading

artists, including Leonardo da Vinci, SandroBotticelli, and Michelangelo Buonarroti
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medicihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarrotihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Buonarrotihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medicihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici


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One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was itsdevelopment of highly realistic linear perspective. Giotto diBondone (12671337) is credited with first treating a paintingas a window into space, but it was not until the writings ofarchitects Filippo Brunelleschi (13771446) and Leon BattistaAlberti (14041472) that perspective was formalized as an

artistic technique. The development of perspective was part ofa wider trend towards realism in the arts. To that end, paintersalso developed other techniques, studying light, shadow, and,famously in the case of Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy.Underlying these changes in artistic method was a reneweddesire to depict the beauty of nature, and to unravel theaxioms of aesthetics, with the works of Leonardo,Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles thatwere to be much imitated by other artists. Other notable

artists include Sandro Botticelli, working for the Medici inFlorence, Donatello another Florentine and Titian in Venice,among others.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Albertihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Albertihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Albertihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Albertihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphaelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphaelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphaelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatellohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphaelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestheticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Albertihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Albertihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone


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Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci

(April 15, 1452 May 2, 1519) was a Florentine polymath,

who worked as a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor,anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer.

Self-portrait in red chalk,circa 1512 to 151
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician


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Leonardo's earliest known drawing, the Arno Valley, (1473) - Uffizi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi


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Mona Lisa(Italian: La Gioconda, French:La Joconde)Leonardo da Vinci, c. 15031506
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci


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The Last SupperLeonardo da Vinci, 14951498
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci


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Michelangelo di Lodovico

Buonarroti Simoni

March 6, 1475 February 18, 1564), commonly knownas Michelangelo,was an Italian Renaissance painter,sculptor, architect, poet and engineer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance


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Michelangelo's output in every field during hislong life was prodigious; when the sheer volumeof correspondence, sketches and reminiscencesthat survive is also taken into account, he is thebest-documented artist of the 16th century. Two

of his best-known works, the Pietand theDavid, were sculpted before he turned thirty.Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangeloalso created two of the most influential works infresco in the history of Western art: the scenesfrom Genesis on the ceiling and The LastJudgmenton the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel

in Rome. Later in life he designed the dome ofSt. Peter's Basilica in the same city andrevolutionised classical architecture with his useof the giant order of pilasters.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilicahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%28Michelangelo%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_%28Michelangelo%29


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PietMichelangelo, 1499 Marble


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DavidMichelangelo, 1504 Carrara Marble
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo


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The Last JudgmentMichelangelo, 1534-1541 Fresco Sistine Chapel, Vatican City


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St Bartholomew displaying his flayed skin (a self-portrait by Michelangelo)in The Last Judgment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew


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God creates Adamby Michelangelo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo


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St. Peter's BasilicaBasilica Sancti Petri (Latin)

Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano (Italian)


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Raphael Sanzio,

usually known by his first name alone (in ItalianRaffaello) (April 6 or March 28, 1483 April 6, 1520),

was an Italian painter and architect of the HighRenaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace ofhis paintings and drawings.

Self-portrait by Raphael,missing since World War II
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy


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The School of Athens, Stanza della Segnatura
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanza_della_Segnaturahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanza_della_Segnaturahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens


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Giovanni Santi, Raphael's father; Christ supported by two angels, c.1490
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Santihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Santi


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The Wedding of the Virgin, Raphael's most sophisticated altarpiece of this period.


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Transfiguration, 1520,unfinished at his death.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_%28Raphael%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_%28Raphael%29


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Donatello (Donato di Niccol di

Betto Bardi)

(1386 December 13, 1466) was afamous early Renaissance Italianartist and sculptor from Florence.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Uffizi_Donatello.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance


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He is, in part, known for his work in basso

rilievo, a form of shallow relief sculpturethat, in Donatello's case, incorporatedsignificant 15th-century developments in

perspectival illusionism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-reliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-relief


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Statue of St. Georgein Orsanmichele, Florence.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsanmichelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsanmichele


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Donatello'sequestrian monumentof Gattamelata at Padua.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattamelatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gattamelatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statue


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Palazzo Vecchio.

Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni


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Alleged self-portrait of Botticelli, in his Adoration of the Magi. Uffizi, Florence.

Alessandro di Mariano di VanniFilipepi, better known as Sandro

Botticelli or Il Botticello
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi


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The Birth of Venus, 1486. Uffizi, Florence.

some experts believe it to be a celebration of the love of Giuliano di Piero de' Medici(who died in the Pazzi conspiracy in 1478) for Simonetta Cattaneo Vespucci,who lived in Portovenere, a town by the sea with a local tradition of being thebirthplace of Venus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_di_Piero_de%27_Medicihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonetta_Cattaneo_Vespuccihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portovenerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portovenerehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simonetta_Cattaneo_Vespuccihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_di_Piero_de%27_Medicihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29


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Venus and Mars, 1483.

Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_Mars_%28Botticelli%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_Mars_%28Botticelli%29


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Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio

(c.1485 August 27, 1576), better knownas Titian,


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It took Titian two years(15161518) tocomplete the oil

painting Assunta,whose dynamic three-tier composition andgorgeous color

scheme establishedhim as the pre-eminent painter north

of Rome.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assuntahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assuntahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assunta


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The End

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Lecture 11 the Renaissance