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Dört Temel Büyüklük ve SI Göre Sembolleri

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Arşimet (Archimedes) 287 – 212 BC

Gelileo Galile (Galileo Galilei) 1564 – 1642

İsaac Newton (Isaac Newton) 1642 – 1717

Nokta Parçacık - 1

Rijit Cisim ve Tekil Kuvvet (Konsantre Kuvvet) - 2

Description: Stonehenge, England. One of the earliest examples of

beam and column construction, it was built in approximately 2000

B.C. The picture shows part of a 30-meter circle of 30 upright stones,

each weighing approximately 25 tons, capped by a continuous ring of

30 lintel stones, each weighing about 7 tons. The stones were brought

30 km from the quarry. Transport and construction procedures are still

a matter of conjecture. (England)

Simple Supports - 1

Description: Temple of Olympian Zeus. Completed by the Roman Emperor

Hadrian (AD 76-138) 700 years after the first columns were raised. Columns

are 6 ft. 4 in. diameter, 56 ft. high, 18 ft. centers. Architrave beam span is

obviously limited by the self-weight and tensile strength of the stone. (Athens,

Greece)

Simple Supports - 2

Description: Contra Costa County Branch Library after completion.

Interior of library building [of GoddenA7] after completion. (Pinole,

California)

Simple Supports - 3

Cantilever Beam - 1

Description: U.C. parking structure 'A'.

The variable depth cantilever slab

supports its own weight, automobile

loading, and also any impact due to an

automobile hitting the timber wall guard.

(University of California, Berkeley)

Cantilever Beam - 2

Description: World Trade Center. Further example of building

overhang supported on variable depth cantilevers. Note that

adjacent cantilevers have common tip displacement. (New

York City)

Cantilever Beam - 3

Description: United Airlines Hangar. The problem of designing a

long door opening without columns is common to all hangar

design. Here it is accomplished using 142 ft. long variable depth

symmetrical steel cantilevers. For design using trusses, see

Godden Set D, and using hypar shells see Godden Set E. (San

Francisco International Airport)

Continuous Span Beam

Description: New Antioch Bridge. This high-level bridge completed in

1979 replaced an older truss-type lift bridge crossing the main shipping

channel. The bridge consists of continuous spans of variable depth in

Cor-Ten steel. Maximum span is 460 ft, and maximum height of

roadway above water level is 135 ft. (California)

Truss Type Structures

Description: Detail of pin-jointed truss connection, approach span

to San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Pin joints are used in older

bridges or situations where rotation has to be allowed for due to

settlement, or for construction purposes. (San Francisco Bay Area)

Truss Type Structures

Description: Crumlin Viaduct,

Wales. This early railway

viaduct is interesting in that it is

constructed entirely from pin-

connected iron members.

Designed by the engineering

firm of Liddell & Gordon,

Thomas W. Kennard is credited

with the construction, using a

modification of the Warren

truss. The viaduct was

demolished in 1966.

Truss Type Structures

Description: This crane structure is typical of those used in constructing

multi-story buildings, and is an interesting study in the geometry of

bracing. The square vertical tower of the crane (the top is shown in this

slide) uses K-bracing on all four sides. The boom is triangular in section

and uses Warren bracing. The other systems can also be seen.

Space Truss Structures

Temporary Grandstand, Edinburgh Castle. All the members of the space

frame are pin-jointed at each end. The ball-and-socket joint detail is

shown here. (Scotland)

Space Truss Structures

Description: Crystal Cathedral. Inside view of long modern church

building (completed September 1980) seating 3000. Building consists of

a space frame completely covered with reflective glass. This view is

along the 412-ft. length of the interior and shows the full 210-ft. width

and the 25-ft. apex height. (Garden Grove, California)

Southside arch support (Port Island Bridge)

Support Types – Simple Support

Description: Pont de l'Alma over the River Seine. Detail of internal

support. This is a pinned support permitting rotation but no axial

movement in the girder. Expansion bearings are fitted at both river

bank supports. (Paris, France)

Support Types – Simple Support

Description: Detail of the IBM Office Building. Showing the near support

point. The building uses steels of varying strengths, with maximum

strength at the supports and reducing with increasing elevation above

the supports. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)

Support Types

Support Types

Description: Passerelle Debilly, River Seine. Detail of

near pier support. (Paris, France)