LECTURE 1INTRODUCTION

ECE 371Sustainable Energy Systems

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

For any growth rate, energy consumption will grow at a greater rate (As the population grows, the energy used per person also grows.)

Unless a more useful higher specific-energysource than nuclear fission is discovered, nuclear energy will potentially become the preferred energy source

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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

The specific energy of fuel, which is defined as the amount energy available from a fuel per unit amount of mass (e.g., kJ/kg) is an indicator of ease of using a particular fuel

1.0e41.0e6

1.0e8

1.0e10

Solar PV Wood Coal Petrol Ntl Gas H2-Chem Uranium (d,t)Nuc

1.0e12

kJ/kg

1.0e21.0e0

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Chart1

0

500

1000

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

1950

2000

2010

Billion

Year AD

Billion

Population

0.4

0.44

0.47

0.5

0.7

0.81

1

2

2.5

6

9

Chart2

Year

1750

1760

1770

1780

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

Year

Actual Increments

3

3.4

3.7

4

4.2

4.4

4.7

4.8

4.95

5.1

5.6

6.1

6.6

7.1

8.6

9.1

9.7

20

21

21

50

66

72

82

79

72

63

60

44

36

0

Chart4

Solar PV

Wood

Coal

Petrol

Ntl Gas

H2-Chem

Uranium

(d,t)Nuc

kJ/kg

4

4.2

4.5

4.9

5

5.1

11

11.7

Sheet1

YearBillionYearFuelkJ/kg

00.417503Solar PV4.00E+00

5000.4417603.4Wood4.20E+00

10000.4717703.7Coal4.50E+00

15000.517804Petrol4.90E+00

16000.717904.2Ntl Gas5.00E+00

17000.8118004.4H2-Chem5.10E+00

1800118104.7Uranium1.10E+01

1900218204.8(d,t)Nuc1.17E+01

19502.518304.95

2000618405.1

2010918505.6

18606.1

18706.6

18807.1

18908.6

19009.1

19109.7

192020

193021

194021

195050

196066

197072

198082

199079

200072

201063

202060

203044

204036

20500

Sheet2

Sheet3

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Growth in energy consumption with stages of human development is shown below (kWh/cap-day)

Stages of Development Food Central Heating

Industry & Agriculture

Transportation Total

Primitive Humans (~106 years ago) 2 2

Hunting (~105 years ago) 3 2 5

Primitive Agriculture (~5000 B.C.) 4 4 4 12

Advanced Agriculture (~1400 A.D.) 6 12 7 1 26

Industrial (~1875) 7 32 24 14 77

Technological (~1970) 10 66 91 63 2304

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

UN projection shows a decline in annual incremental growth

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Energy Density

Wood – 104 BTU/gal Coal – 1.4* 105 BTU/gal

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E10 Energy Density

My minivan has a 21 gallon gas tank. A typical fueling rate for gas stations is 10 gallons per minute. My minivan uses E10 gas. What is the energy content of E10 gas in Btu per gallon and

Wh/gal? A typical Lithium Ion battery has a volumetric energy density

of 400 Wh/L. Compare this energy density to E10. What is the equivalent power flow in Watts for a typical gas

station filling your car with E10 gasoline? If we were charging a 400 V car battery at the same rate, what

would be the equivalent charging current?8

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

The next table shows the Carbon/Hydrogen (C/H) ratio for rapid changes in preferred fuels

Fuel Physical State

Atom %C Atom %H C/H Ratio

Wood Solid 90 10 9.00

Coal Solid 62 38 1.63

Oil Liquid 36 64 0.56

Octane (C8H18)

Liquid 31 69 0.44

Methane (CH4)

Gas 20 80 0.25

Hydrogen (H2)

Gas 0 100 0.009

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATION

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Continued growth in human population withgreater growth in energy demand may not besustainable far into the future

Note: Some scientists think that just eliminating sources of carbon is not enough to prevent/cure global climate change. Carbon sequestration will be required

Intelligent power devices is an active area. Efficiency, sleep mode, reduced power mode. Take my Power Electronics Course (ECE556)

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Energy Sources In the 1850’s Whaling was the fifth-largest U.S.

Industry. The industry was so big that it was considered too

big to fail. (Like the auto industry of today.) Whale oil was considered far superior to the

competition. (Lighting, soap, margarine.) Whale oil was replaced by kerosene (petroleum) due

to scarcity and government subsidies

http://www.environmentalhistory.org/brilliant/bioenergy/the-whale-oil-myth/

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Energy Sources Between 1500 and 1660 Britain's basic fuel

supply, wood, began to fail because of increased populations, industry, and more land was cleared and cultivated.

This shortage manifested itself in a price inflation: Prices were stable in 1540s, quadrupled by the 1580s, and ten times its old level by the 1620s

It was replaced by coal, which fueled the industrial revolution

Reference: http://www.historytoday.com/alan-d-dyer/wood-and-coal-change-fuel13

Ben Franklin Patriot – Inventor –

Environmentalist Franklin invented the

stove because he noticed the deforestation around where he lived, and reasoned that if wood use continued at its present rate, there would be no trees left.

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Ben Franklin

Franklin never patented his designs. He believed “that as we enjoy great advantages

from the inventions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours, and this we should do freely and generously”

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Energy Sources Transportation – Horses – New York City 1800 100,000 to 200,000 horses lived in New York City An average horse produces:

22 Pounds of manure every day. A quart of urine every day. (I think this is low.) Problems with flies, disease, manure piles, rain. Dead horses

This environmental catastrophe was ‘solved’ by the combustion engine automobile.

https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/09/when-horses-posed-a-public-health-hazard/ http://www.banhdc.org/archives/ch-hist-19711000.html

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https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/09/when-horses-posed-a-public-health-hazard/http://www.banhdc.org/archives/ch-hist-19711000.html

Moral Every energy source has environmental and

economic consequences, and limitations. We don’t always know the environmental

consequences of a new technology or new energy source.

1859 - Tyndall discovers that some gases block infrared radiation. He suggests that changes in the concentration of the gases could bring climate change.

https://history.aip.org/climate/timeline.htm

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https://history.aip.org/climate/timeline.htm

Environmental Impacts of Solar Land use - land degradation and habitat loss.

Tradeoff between food and energy?

Hazardous Materials Cleaning - hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,

hydrogen fluoride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and acetone.

Production - gallium arsenide, copper-indium-gallium-diselenide, and cadmium-telluride

Energy used and carbon emitted in production of solar panels.

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-solar-power.html#.WhTvQTdrxEY 18

Environmental Impacts of Wind Land use – Can be shared with other uses. Wildlife habitats – Birds and bats are killed. People complain about visual, vibration, and

sound issues. Energy used and carbon emitted in production

of equipment.

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-wind-power#.WhTxRzdrxEY

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Carbon

What other industries produce carbon Transportation. Electric power industry. Farming – Tilling the soil releases CO2.

Cows produce methane, which is 20 more powerful than CO2 as a greenhouse gas. Don’t eat steak…

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For those of you that don’t like the EPA or don’t believe that we

can screw things up…

https://youtu.be/nlHiaZFvcXA 21

The Cuyahoga River has caught fire a total of 13 times dating back to 1868.

https://youtu.be/nlHiaZFvcXA

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LECTURE 1�INTRODUCTIONHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVESlide Number 6Energy DensityE10 Energy DensityHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVECHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDUSTRIAL NATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesBen FranklinBen FranklinEnergy SourcesMoralEnvironmental Impacts of SolarEnvironmental Impacts of WindCarbonFor those of you that don’t like the EPA or don’t believe that we can screw things up…Slide Number 22