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LECTURE 4
PLAGIARISM
Mazhar Hussain
Dept of Computer Science
ISP,Multan
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
1
ROAD MAP
2
Introduction
Chosing your research problem
Chosing your research advisor
Literature Review
Plagiarism
Variables in Research
Construction of Hypothesis
Research Design
Writing Research Proposal
Writing your Thesis
Data Collection
Data Representation
Sampling and Distributions
Paper Writing
Ethics of Research
It means that you are falsely claiming that the
work is your own
3
PLAGIARISM
According to the Merriam-Webster
Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means
To steal and pass off (the ideas or
words of another) as one's own
To use (another's production) without
crediting the source
To commit literary theft
4
PLAGIARISM
Intentional
Copying whole papers, paragraphs,
sentences or phrases without
acknowledgement
Unintentional
Splicing phrases from other writers into
your work without acknowledgement
5
IF….
You have included the
words and ideas of others
in your work that you
neglected to cite
You have had help you
wouldn’t want others to
know about
6
PLAGIARISM IN ACADEMICS - EXCUSES
7
It’s okay if I don’t get caught!
I was too busy to write that paper!
(Job, big game, too much homework!)
My teachers expect
too much!
My parentsexpect “A”s!
This assignment
was BORING!
Everyone does it!
8
PLAGIARISM - LIMITS
9
Source: Purdue University http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html
PLAGIARISM – LIMITS
Copying a paragraph verbatim from a source without
any acknowledgement
10
Copying a paragraph & making small changes - e.g.
replacing a few verbs, replacing an adjective with a
synonym
Copying and pasting a paragraph by using sentences
of the original but omitting one or two and putting
one or two in a different order, no quotation marks
Composing a paragraph by taking short phrases from
a number of sources & putting them together using
words of your own to make a coherent whole
11
You can “borrow” from the
works of others in your
own work!
USE THREE STRATEGIES
Quoting
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
12
To blend source materials in with your own,
making sure your own voice is heard.
QUOTING
Use quotations when:
You want to add the power of an author’s words to
support your argument
You want to disagree with an author’s argument
You want to preserve special or elegant language
You are comparing and contrasting specific points of view
Giving definitions etc.13
Quotations are the exact words of an author,
copied directly from a source, word for word.
Quotations must be cited!
QUOTING
Don’t string quotes together or put them back to
back.
Example (don’t do this…)
Better…
14
John Smith said, “children can be very obstinate if you don’t give
them what they want,” but then stated that “adults can be
equally obstinate and act like children.” Rosy Campo refutes
this, “Both children and adults have a tendency to be obstinate
regardless of the situation.”
John Smith and Rosy Campo are on differing sides of the
argument that children and adults can be stubborn whether
you appease them or not.
PARAPHRASING
Like quotations, paraphrased material must be
followed with in-text documentation and cited on
your Works-Cited page.
15
Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words of
an author, putting his/her thoughts in your own
words. When you paraphrase, you rework the
source’s ideas, words, phrases, and sentence
structures with your own.
PARAPHRASING
Paraphrase when:
You plan to use information on your document and wish to avoid plagiarizing
You want to avoid overusing quotations
You want to use your own voice to present information
Change both the vocabulary and the sentence structure to free yourself from the author’s voice.
Paraphrased material looks very convincing in a research paper; it shows that the writer understands her sources well enough to express them in her own voice. 16
SUMMARIZING
Again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to their original sources.
Summarize when: You want to establish background or offer an overview of a
topic
You want to describe knowledge (from several sources) about a topic
You want to determine the main ideas of a single source 17
Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) of
one or several writers into your own words,
including only the main point(s). Summaries are
significantly shorter than the original and take a
broad overview of the source material.
SUMMARIZING
Should be comprehensive but concise.
For example, a 15-page article may be summarized
in a paragraph or two.
The purpose of the summary/abstract is to give
scholars a “preview” of the material covered in the
article and let them decide whether they will take
the time to read it.
18
SUMMARIZING VS. PARAPHRASING
Unlike a summary, a paraphrase does not
condense material; it includes both main points
and supporting details.
Thus, your paraphrase will be about the same
length as the original passage.
Therefore you would not paraphrase an entire 15
page article, but you could paraphrase an
important sentence or paragraph.
19
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
Quotation Marks – If you need to use what someone else
has written or write their exact words and put them in
quotation marks
20
Paraphrase
Never use someone else's words and sentence structure –
substituting synonyms would not do either
Write everything in your own words as you understand it
Go through the required reading material and then put it
all away when you start writing
Summarize – Main idea of several authors in your own
words
CITE RIGHT
21
Clearly indicate what comes from where
'According to Professor so-and-so....' or
'Professor so-and-so states that....'
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
Check for Plagiarism:
Plagiarism Software
Online Tools
22
Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ways-to-avoid-plagiarism.html
TURN IT IN – ORIGINALITY REPORT
23
24
TURN IT IN – ORIGINALITY REPORT
25
Do I have
to cite
everything?
DO I NEED TO CITE EVERYTHING?
Facts that are widely known, or
Information or judgments considered “common
knowledge”
Do NOT have to be cited.
26
Common
Knowledge
NO
EXAMPLES OF COMMON KNOWLEDGE
John Adams was the second president of the US
The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941
27
If you see a fact in three or more sources,
and you are fairly certain your readers
already know this information, it is likely to
be “common knowledge.”
But when in doubt, cite!
EXAMPLES OF COMMON KNOWLEDGE
28
Common – When the Civil War was
– When Texas became part of U.S.
Needs citation– Opinion about Civil War
– Disputable fact or not commonly known- i.e. when humans first came to the Americas
Even if you had to look up the information, but most people wouldn’t have had to, then it is considered “common knowledge,” but I still highly encourage you to cite EVERYTHING- even encyclopedias…
WHAT TO CITE?
29
Did youthink of
it?
No.
Yes.
Is itcommon
knowledge?
No.
Yes.
Cite it. Do not cite it.
IS IT PLAGIARISM
30
Gray wolf (Canis lupus).
© Jeff Lepore/Photo Researchers
Wolf. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 31,
2004, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
<http://search.eb.com/eb/article?eu=79400>
Should we or shouldn’t we protect
the gray wolf?By Ima Lamb
Eng 110Apr. 1, 2004
Your title page:You find:
Yes! You need to credit the
source of images and
other media as well as
text.
REAL LIFE CONSEQUENCES
New York Times senior reporter Jayson Blair forced
to resign after being accused of plagiarism and
fraud.
“The newspaper said at least 36 of the 73 articles he
had written had problems calling the deception a
"low point" in the newspaper's history.”
31“New York Times Exposes Fraud of Own Reporter.” ABC News Online.
12 May, 2003.
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/newshour_index.html
REAL LIFE CONSEQUENCES
Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987 campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination. (Sabato)
Copied in law school and borrowed from campaign speeches of Robert Kennedy
Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle forced to resign for plagiarism in his columns
Damaged the reputation of two prominent historians, Stephen Ambrose and Doris Kearns Goodwin,
Kearns left television position and stepped down as Pulitzer Prize judge for “lifting” 50 passages for her 1987 book The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys (Lewis) 32
PLAGIARISM CASES - PAKISTAN
HEC Plagiarism Policy
The handbook of plagiarism
Available on HEC website
33
34
When in dobut
Cite it !!!
35
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) employs the hop
count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by
implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path
from the source to a destination. The maximum number of hops
allowed for RIP is 15. This hop limit, however, also limits the size
of networks that RIP can support. A hop count of 16 is considered
an infinite distance and used to deprecate inaccessible,
inoperable, or otherwise undesirable routes in the selection
process.
Originally each RIP router transmitted full updates every 30
seconds. n most current networking environments, RIP is not the
preferred choice for routing as its time to
converge and scalability are poor compared to EIGRP, OSPF,
or IS-IS. RIP uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) as its
transport protocol, and is assigned the reserved port number 520.
PARAPHRASE AND GIVE A TITLE
SUMMARY
Plagiarism
Accidental
Intentional
How to avoid:
Quotation
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
Plagiarism checking tools
Common knowledge
36
REFERENCES
The handbook of Plagiarism, Robert A. Haris
What is Plagiarism, Jiaheng Lu, Renmin
University of China
Plagiarism, Michael Lorenzen, LIB 197
www.plagiarism.org
37
The material in these slides is based on the following resources.