Dr. Hany El-sayed Saad

History of Engineering &

Technology

Lecture one

Introduction to Engineering

Course Specifications

a-Overall aims of course By the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1-Demonstrate knowledge of the history of engineering

2-Demonstrate the various historical periods and the characteristics of each period.

B- Intended learning outcomes of course (ILOs) Knowledge and understanding:

A1-Recognize the meaning of engineering

A2-Define the different engineering periods

A3-recognize historic innovations

i. Project description:

Each project consists of 1 or 2 students as a group

Each group will present one common hard copy paper and one common presentation

Each group must get the approval of the professor on their selected topic

ii. Project dead lines:

Issue date: Feb. 8th, 2015

Presentations: During regular classes after submitting the hard copy.

Delivery of the hard copy to the research center: Mar 12th, 2015

Delivery of the soft copy on the CD to the research center: May 7th ,2015

iii. The project paper includes the following parts:

Literature survey: the students will conduct literature survey using the available references such as: Reference books, internet sites, etc.

A summary of the literature survey to be written.

A description for the topic, functional diagram, main components, theory of operation, applications, and future advances.

Conclusion

List of references

Assignment Deliverables and Assessment:

Hard copy of the research paper from 7 to 10 pages, single space, font 14. In addition the assignment cover page with all required information will include. (15 points)

One power point presentation for each group. (20 points)

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Category Points Description

Introduction 2 Give a strong introduction of topic with extensive coverage of

relevant literature review

Content

knowledge 5 Paper reflects a sophisticated understanding of chosen topic

Organization 2 Method of organization is not only clear, but also well suited

to the topic

Format 2 Mechanical errors may be present, but are rare.

Conclusion 2 Conclusion is engaging and restates the paper’s

References 2 The paper is including the research references

Total 15

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Rubrics for Research paper:

References

• Course notes: Hard copies of all the power

points presented in class by instructor are

made available to the students

• A. Harms, B Baetx, and R. Volt, Engineering

in time, Imperial collage Press, 2004.

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Course Content

• Part A:

Introduction to Engineering

• Part B:

History of Engineering

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Part B: History of Engineering

1. Prehistoric Engineering (∼106 BP→∼104 BP)

2. Ancient Engineering (∼8000 BCE→∼500 CE)

3. Medieval Engineering (∼500 CE→∼1400)

4. Renascent Engineering (∼1400→∼1800)

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Part B: History of Engineering

5. Expansive Engineering (∼1800→∼1940)

6. Modern Engineering (∼1940→∼1990)

7. Contemporary Engineering (∼1990→∼2000+)

Presentation Outlines

• Define art, science and engineering

• The earliest civil engineer

• The development of civilizations and eras

ART Art is a term that describes a diverse range of

human activities and the products of those

activities.

It refers to the visual arts, which cover the

creation of images or objects in fields

including painting, sculpture, printmaking,

photography, and other visual media.

*Architecture is often introduced as one of

the visual arts

Types of Modern Art

• Static Art: or fixed Art like painting, sculpture,

printmaking, photography

• Dynamic Art: or moved Art like Music,

theatre, film, dance, Drama and other

performing arts

Detail of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa

SCIENCE

• Science (from Latin scientia, meaning

"knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that

builds and organizes knowledge in the form of

testable explanations and predictions about the

universe.

• The Science as tree its root is the Scientific

research and its fruits are the Theories and

Discoveries

Theories and Discoveries Improve the

human life

What are the aims of the science and engineering……?

A comparison between the science and

engineering………………………..

Table (1) the Aims and Basic operations of the science and engineering

The Aim Basic operations

Science (To Know)

Search for knowledge and theories to know and understand the universe

-The discovery of theories by using experiments - Analysis to find the suitable design - Ask why? - Experimental Design -Logical skills

Engineering (To work)

Innovation systems, equipment and check the needs of society

-Innovation – design – Production - Analysis – Imagine –deriving - test – planning - Communication skills - problem solving

Engineering • Engineering is the discipline, skill, and profession of

acquiring and applying scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design and build structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes.

(from Latin Ingenious, meaning “engine")

• The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD) has defined "engineering" as:

The creative application of scientific principles to design or develop

structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation or safety to life and property.

• Engineering represents creative thought and skilled actions associated with the use or adaptation of natural materials and natural phenomena in the conceptualizing, planning, designing, developing, manufacture, testing, implementing, improving, and disposing of devices.

The Engineering History

• The earliest civil engineer known by

name is (IMHOTEP امنحتب)

He probably designed and supervised the

construction of the Step Pyramid at Saqqara in

Egypt around 2630-2611 BC

• Ancient Greece developed machines in both the civilian and military domains.

• The Engineering word was found at 18th century by JON SEMITON to build the Lighthouse.

• Then the engineering and engineer word is used in industrial revolution

The development of civilizations and

eras

• The names of civilizations and eras:

1. Civilization of Ancient Egypt 2. Mesopotamian civilization 3. Civilization of India

4. Civilization of China

5. Civilization of Greece

6. Civilization of Rome

7. Civilization of Islam

8. Civilization of Europe

• This Civilizations can be divided according to the historical times:

1. Ancient era (from 4000 until 450 BC) 2. Renaissance era (from 450 BC until 1400) 3. Modern era (from 1400 until now) • Also it can be divided according to the materials

of engineering used: 1. Stone Age 2. Copper Age 3. Bronze Age 4. Iron Age 5. The era of machines

Th

e er

a

The old Stone Age

80,000BC-14,000BC

Middle

Stone Age

14,000

BC-

7000BC

The

modern

Stone Age

7000Bc-

6000Bc

Copper

Age

6000-BC-

4000BC

Bronze

Age

4000BC-

2000BC

Iron Age

2000BC-

450

The era of

machines

The

mo

st im

po

rtan

t d

isti

ngu

ish

ing

feat

ure

sا

lowermost Middle uppermost The use of clothing

Food Cooking

Building huts

Boating industry

The developm-

ent of hunting

tools

Agriculture

Animal Husbandry

Pottery

Spinning and

weaving industry

Knowledge of

Minerals

Mining

Copper extraction

The emergence

of civilizations

original

Discovery of

America

The emergence of modern machines Manufacture of

Tools from stone

Industry arrows of

war

Knowledge of fire

Housing caves

Wearing leather

Cutlery

Drills and pig

industry

Fishing

Food Cooking

The use of clothing