Lecture 1: Ethical Considerations in Writing

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Abide by Relevant Laws

Abide by Professional Code of Conduct

Tell the truth clearly ◦ Don’t lie ◦ Don’t hide undesired information in footnotes or behind

complicated sentences

Avoid misleading statements ◦ False implications ◦ Exaggerations ◦ Legalistic constructions ◦ Euphemisms

Cite your sources and collaborators!!!

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Documenting sources allows:

Acknowledge debt to sources

Establish credibility

Guide readers to relevant reading material

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All quotations from written sources and interviews

Paraphrased ideas, concepts and opinions gathered ◦ Exception: widely known concepts (general

knowledge)

Graphics and figures

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Citation in the text ◦ Allows the reader to find the cited work in list of

references

List of references at the end of document ◦ Extensive and complete list of all sources

◦ Allows the reader to find the cited work

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First published in 1929,

6th edition published in 2009

Primaraly for social sciences, but used in all fields

Citation in text consists of author and date

References are listed alphabetically after the main body of text

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Summarized or paraphrased material: ◦ Include the author’s name and publication date in

paranthesis immediately following the information “Using Learning Vector Quantization, 98% accuracy can be

achieved in pattern recognition (Pham & Öztemel, 1996)”

◦ If the sentence already includes the name of the author(s), don’t repeat it in the paranthesis “Pham and Öztemel (1996) show that 98% accuracy can be

achieved in pattern recognition by using Learning Vector Quantization”

Quoted material or specific fact: ◦ Add the page number(s)

Multiple authors with the same last name: ◦ Use initial(s) of given name(s)

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Type of citation First citation in text

Subsequent citations in text

Parenthetical format, first citation in text

Paranthetical format, subsequent citations in text

One work of one author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)

One work of two authors

Walker and Allen (2004)

Walker and Allen (2004)

(Walker & Allen, 2004)

(Walker & Allen, 2004)

One work of three to five authors

Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo(1999) Bradley et al. (1999)

(Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 1999) (Bradley et al., 1999)

One work of six or more authors

Wasserstein et al. (2005)

Wasserstein et al., (2005)

(Wasserstein et al., 2005)

(Wasserstein et al., 2005)

Groups (readily identified through abbreviation) as authors

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) NIMH (2003)

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003) (NIMH, 2003)

Groups (no abbreviation) as authors

University of Pittsburgh (2005)

University of Pittsburgh (2005)

(University of Pittsburgh, 2005)

(University of Pittsburgh, 2005)

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Source: ‘‘Basics of APA Style’’ American Psychological Association, 2009

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List all sources cited in the text

Arrange entries alphabetically

Italicize titles of books and periodicals

Include date of access for electronic sources

Include range of pages for articles

Indent subsequent lines of each entry

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Books: ◦ Taha, H. A. (2003). Operations research: an

introduction (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Educational

Pediodicals: ◦ Danzig, G.B. (1939). On a Class of Distributions that

Approach the Normal Distribution Function. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 10(3), pp. 247-253

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Online Sources: ◦ Bekaert, G., Hoerova, M., Duca, M. L. (2010) Risk,

Uncertainty and Monetary Policy. NBER Working Papers. Retrieved October 1st, 2010, from: http://www.nber.org/papers/w16397

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American Psychological Association (2009). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author

Markel, M. (2010) Technical Communication (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s

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