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Lecture 1: An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 1, Chapter 1, Topic 1
Section Goals● Define anatomy and physiology and describe
their subdivisions.
● Explain the principle of complementarity.
Section Vocabulary● Anatomy
● Physiology
● Gross/macroscopic
anatomy
● Regional anatomy
● Systemic anatomy
● Surface anatomy
● Microscopic
anatomy
● Cytology
● Histology
Section Vocabulary● Developmental
anatomy
● Embryology
● Renal physiology
● Neurophysiology
● Cardiovascular
physiology
● Principle of
complementarity of
structure and
function
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology● Two complementary branches of science,
anatomy and physiology, provide the concepts
that help us understand the human body.
● Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and
their relationships to one another.
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology● Anatomy has a certain appeal to most
analytically-minded people, because it is a
concrete science.
● Body structures can be see, felt, and examined
closely; it is not necessary to imagine what they
look like.
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology● Physiology concerns the function of the body, in
other words, how the body parts work and carry
out their life-sustaining activities.
● When all is said and done, physiology is
explainable only in terms of the underlying
anatomy.
An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology● To simplify the study of the body, most references to
body structures and/or physiological values (body
temperature, heart rate, and the like) assume that we
are talking about a healthy, young (22-year-old)
male weighing about 155 lb (the reference man) or a
healthy, young female weighing about 125 lb (the
reference woman).
Topics of Anatomy● Anatomy is a broad field with many subdivisions,
each providing enough information to be a
course in itself.
● Gross, or macroscopic, anatomy is the study of
large body structures visible to the naked eye,
such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
Topics of Anatomy● Indeed, the term anatomy (derived from the
Greek words meaning “to cut apart”) relates
most closely to gross anatomy because in such
studies, preserved animals or their organs are
dissected (cut up) to be examined.
Topics of Anatomy● Gross anatomy can be
approached in different ways.
● In regional anatomy, all the
structures (muscles, bones,
blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in
a particular region of the
body, such as the abdomen or
leg, are examined at the same
time.
Topics of Anatomy● In systemic anatomy, body
structure is studied system
by system.
● For example, when studying
the cardiovascular system,
you would examine the
heart and the blood vessels
of the entire body.
Topics of Anatomy● Another subdivision of gross
anatomy is surface anatomy, the
study of internal structures as they
relate to the overlying skin surface.
● You use surface anatomy when
you identify the bulging muscles
beneath a bodybuilder’s skin, and
clinicians use it to locate
appropriate blood vessels in which
to feel pulses and draw blood.
Topics of Anatomy● Microscopic anatomy deals
with structures too small to be
seen with the naked eye.
● For most such studies,
exceedingly thin slices of body
tissues are stained and
mounted on slides to be
examined under the
microscope.
Topics of Anatomy● Subdivisions of microscopic anatomy include
cytology, which considers the cells of the body,
and histology, the study of tissues.
Topics of Anatomy● Developmental anatomy
traces structural changes
that occur in the body
throughout the life span.
● Embryology, a subdivision
of developmental anatomy,
concerns developmental
changes that occur before
birth.
Topics of Anatomy● Some highly specialized branches of anatomy are
used primarily for medical diagnosis and
scientific research.
● For example, pathological anatomy studies
structural changes caused by disease.
Topics of Anatomy● Radiographic anatomy studies internal structures
as visualized by X-ray images or specialized
scanning procedures.
● In molecular biology, the structure of biological
molecules (chemical substances) is investigated.
Topics of Anatomy● Molecular biology is actually a separate branch of
biology, but it falls under the anatomy umbrella
when we push anatomical studies to the subcellular
level.
● As you can see, subjects of interest to anatomists
range from easily seen structures down to the
smallest molecule.
Topics of Anatomy● One essential tool for studying anatomy is a
mastery of anatomical terminology.
● Others are observation, manipulation, and, in a
living person, palpation (feeling organs with
your hands), and auscultation (listening to organ
sounds with a stethoscope).
Topics of Anatomy● A simple example illustrates how some of these
tools work together in an anatomical study.
● Let’s assume that your topic is freely movable
joints of the body.
● In the laboratory, you will be able to observe an
animal joint, noting how its parts fit together.
Topics of Anatomy● You can work the joint (manipulate it) to
determine its range of motion.
● Using anatomical terminology, you can name its
parts and describe how they are related to that
other students and your teacher will have no
trouble understanding you.
Topics of Anatomy● Although most of your observations will be
made with the naked eye or with the help of a
microscope, medical terminology has developed
a number of sophisticated tools that can peer
into the body without disrupting it.
Topics of Anatomy● Despite these advancements, the most useful tool
for an anatomist, and for you within this class, is
the knowledge of vocabulary terms.
● The glossary is your best friend when you study
anatomy.
Topics of Physiology● Like anatomy, physiology has many subdivisions, most of
which consider the operation of specific organ systems.
● For example, renal physiology concerns kidney function
and urine production; neurophysiology explains the
workings of the nervous system; and cardiovascular
physiology examines the operation of the heart and blood
vessels.
Topics of Physiology● While anatomy provides us with a static image of
the body’s architecture, physiology reveals the
body’s dynamic and animated nature.
● Physiology often focuses on events at the cellular
or molecular level.
Topics of Physiology● This is because the body’s abilities depend on
those of its individual cells, and cells’ abilities
ultimately depend on the chemical reactions that
go on within them.
Topics of Physiology● Physiology also rests on on principles of physics,
which help to explain electrical currents, blood
pressure, and the way muscles use bones to cause
body movements, among other things.
● We’ll go over the basic chemical and physical
principles in Chapter 2 and review them throughout
the course as needed to explain physiological topics.
Complementarity of Structure and Function● Although it is possible to study anatomy and
physiology individually, they are really
inseparable because function always reflects
structure.
● That is, what a structure can do depends on its
specific form.
Complementarity of Structure and Function● This is called the principle of complementarity of
structure and function.
● For example, bones can support and protect body
organs because they contain hard mineral deposits,
and blood flows in one direction through the heart
because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.
Complementarity of Structure and Function● Throughout this course, a description of a
structure’s anatomy is accompanied by an
explanation of its function, and structural
characteristics contributing to that function are
emphasized.
Section Homework● Answer the section goals.
● Define the vocabulary words.
● Create a compare/contrast table or Venn
diagram comparing the different types of
anatomy.