Lecture 014

Kingdoms Monera& Protista

Kingdoms

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Monera(Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)

prokaryoticprokaryotic

eukaryoticeukaryotic

Kingdom Monera

Species number low (~17, 000)

Changing as we learn more

Two phyla (divisions)

Eubacteria (Bacteria & Cyanobacteria)

Archaebacteria

Kingdom Monera

BacteriaCyanobacteria

Archaebacteria

Kingdom Protista

Molecular studies are giving us more informationMolecular studies are giving us more information

Evolutionary Pattern

BacteriaProkaryotic, single-celled organisms

No membrane-bound organelles

A very diverse group:Chemoautotrophic - Purple sulfur bacteria (extremophiles)

Photoautotrophic - Blue-green algae (cyano)

Heterotrophic - E. coli

Asexual reproduction by binary fission (rapid)

Identified by metabolic needs

4,000 ? species

Medical Quick Tests

Agar, nutrients & test chemical

color comparison chartcolor comparison chart

negativepositive

rod-shaped bacteria

rod-shaped bacteria

anthraxanthrax

pneumoniapneumonia

Root Nodules

NifTAL: Nitrogen Fixation of Tropical Agricultural LegumesNifTAL: Nitrogen Fixation of Tropical Agricultural Legumes

50% to 70% of the biological nitrogen fixation

Atmospheric N2

N “fixer”

Plant roots

Cyanobacteria

“Blue-green algae”

Only 200 species?

In different conditionsthey grow differently

Lots of colors

Photosynthetic7,500 ? species

Mats of cyanobacteria

Red Sea

Red-pigmented cyanobacteria floating on the surfaceRed-pigmented cyanobacteria floating on the surface

Red Sea

SaudiArabia

Egypt

Iran

Turkey

Nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium+ fern (Azolla)

Rapid growth

Used as a “green manure”

Productive Partnership: Azolla

Azolla + N-fixing cyanobacteriumAzolla + N-fixing cyanobacterium

Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells• Membrane-bound nucleus

• Membrane-bound organelles

• Chromosomes consist of DNA and histone proteins and occur in pairs.

• Multiplication of eukaryotic cells involves mitosis.

• Reproduction is sexual and/or asexual

• Protists, fungi, plants & animals are composed of eukaryotic cells.

Kingdom Protista

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Moneraprokaryoticprokaryotic

eukaryoticeukaryotic

Kingdom Protista

Eukaryotic

Mostly single celled; however, if multicellular, then cells not well-organized into tissues and organs (more colonies of cells).

A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms

8 phyla

Lots of disagreements

Whittaker = “leftovers”

3 informal groups

Animal-like protists

Fungus-like protists

Plant-like (algal) protists

Misleading: some change

Kingdom Protista

~ 45,000 species

Ciliophora

Kingdom Animalia

Sarcomastigophora

Apicomplexa

Mastigophora

Euglenophyta

Kingdom Plantae

Chrysophyta

Pyrrophyta

Myxomycota

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Protista

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

“Amoeba”

Shell-like glass or calcium carbonate structures

Radiating projections

Animal-like Protists

13,000 species

Note: glass projections

Foraminifera

Tropics = beaches

Most have symbiotic algae

Foramenifera:Globigerina ooze

Covers about 36%of the ocean floorCovers about 36%of the ocean floor

Phylum Apicomplexa

“Sporozoa”

Parasitic, often 2 hosts

Resistant spore stage

Animal-like Protists

5,000 species

Malaria

Mosquito & “victim”

Africa = kills 1 million children per year

Thousands of sporozoites injected

Vaccine? (US support?)Fall ‘96: field trials failed

Travel to Malarial Infected Areas

Estimate your risk

Prevent mosquitobites

Take antimalarialdrug(s)

Know the symptoms of malaria

Seek help if you suspect infection

Phylum Ciliophora (“ciliates”)

Largest, most homogeneous

Share few characteristicswith others

Movement coordinated

Sex: 8 mating types

Animal-like Protists

8,000 species

Phylum Mastigophora(“zooflagellates”)

1 to thousands of flagellae

Some parasites

Vaccines? change protein coat!

Gave rise to animals?

Animal-like Protists

1,500 species

African sleeping sickness

Fungus-like ProtistsPhylum Oomycota

(“water molds”; mildew, blights)

Some unicellular; others consist of hyphae

Decomposers,parasites

Cell walls- cellulose

Related to algae based on cell wall composition

Named after reproductive method

475 species

No “septa”

water molds

Downy Mildew

Mildew hyphaeMildew hyphae

Oomycota Reproduction: the “egg fungi”, a relatively large egg cell is fertilized by a smaller “sperm nucleus,” forming a resistant zygote.

Fungus-like Protists

Phylum Myxomycota(“slime molds”)

Bizarre

Bright colors

Moving “slime” mass

Acellular body550 species

The Blob

Unidentified Growing Object

“Big as a platter, foamy and creamy and pale yellow.”

Died of sunstroke and nicotine poisoning

Plant-like Protists

• Dinoflagellates• Diatoms• Euglena• Cocolithophore• Green algae• Brown Algae• Red algae

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

Radiolarian

Cocolithophore

Plant-like Protists

Phylum Pyrrophyta (“dinoflagellates”)

1,100 species

Cause “red tide”

Some live in corals

Marine and Freshwater

Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp

Pyrocystis fusiformis

Bioluminescence

PSP (paraletic shellfish poisoning)

Gonyaulax polyhedra, Gymnodium

The numbers are representative values of the concentration in the tissues of dinoflagellate toxin (ppm)

Primary producers

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers

0.04 ppm

0.23 ppm

2.07 ppm

13.8 ppm

Plant-like ProtistsPhylum Chrysophyta (“diatoms &

golden algae”)

Link to green algae

13,000 species

Phylum Euglenophyta (“euglenoids”)

Plant-like Protists

800 species

Division Chlorophyta

“Green algae”

Most freshwater or terrestrial

Some marine

7,000 species

Caulerpa toxifoliainvasion – San Diego

Halimeda opuntia

Chlorophyta: Green Algae

Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpa sertularioides

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Codium edule

Division Phaeophyta

“Brown algae”

Marine habitats

Example: giant kelp forests

1,500 species

Sargassum polyphyllumSargassum echinocarpum

Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Turbinaria ornata

Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus

Division Rhodophyta

“Red algae”

Most in marine habitats

4,000 species

Hypnea chordacea

Asparagopsis taxiformis

Galaxaura fastigiata

Acanthophora spicifera

Ahnfeltia concinna

Rhodophyta: Red Algae

Varied, single celled

Freshwater, marine, parasitic

Huge number of individuals

Gave rise to plants, animals, and fungi

Kingdom Protista (Summary)