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Lecture-01:
Hazards and Disaster Management
Planning: Basic Issues
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December 30, 2018
URP 4243: Hazards and Disaster Management
Course Teacher: Md. Esraz-Ul-Zannat Assistant Professor Dept. of URP, KUET
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
These slides are aggregations for better understanding of the topic
mentioned in the previous slide . I acknowledge the contribution of
all the authors and photographers from where I tried to
accumulate the info and used for better presentation.
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References for Materials “Disaster Management and Preparedness”, Michael Beach, F.A Davis Comapany,
Philadelphia
“Spatial Management of Risks”, Edited by Gérard Brugnot,
“Natural Disaster Management”, A presentation to commemorate the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) 1990–2000, Edited by Jon Ingleton, Tudor Rose, 1999
“Urban risk reduction: an asian perspective”, community, environment and disaster risk management, edited by Rajib Shaw, Hari Srinivas, Anshu Sharma, 2009
“Disaster Risk Reduction: Mitigation and Preparedness in Development and Emergency Programming”, John Twigg, Humanitarian Practice Network (HPN), Overseas Development Institute, UK, 2004
“A Primer: Integrated Flood Risk Management in Asia”, Published by ADPC and UNDP, May 2006
“Living with risk: a global review of disaster reduction initiatives”, published by United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), preliminary version, Geneva, July, 2002
“A Primer: Disaster Risk Management in Asia”, Published by ADPC and USAID, May 2005
“A Global Report: Reducing Disaster Risk, A Challenge for Development”, Published by Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, UNDP, 2004
Different documents published by Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) and UN-ISDR
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Course Summary Definition and meaning of hazards and disaster, types of hazards, assessment of hazards,
vulnerability analysis, risk assessment, traditional and new disaster threats, basic characteristics of common disasters.
Disaster Management Cycle, Response: definition and some relevant aspects, general disaster management factors, special evacuation factors, problems related with effective response.
Recovery: definition, problem areas of recovery, major requirements of effective recovery, human factors in recovery, resources relevant to recovery programmes.
Prevention: definition, problem areas of prevention, approach and resources required for prevention.
Mitigation: definition, guiding principles of mitigation, problem areas, major requirements of mitigation, major mitigation components (structural and non- structural), resource relevant to mitigation.
Preparedness: definition, problem areas of preparedness, preparedness needs, funding, warning aspects, and precautionary, measures prior to disaster impact and relevant resources.
Disaster Management Plans: need for counter disaster plans, general considerations, Format of a plan, critical areas, and aspects for consideration.
Disaster and National Development: impact of disaster on national development, disaster management policy and national development.
Disasters of Bangladesh: types, impacts and mitigation measures. People’s Perception and Response to Disaster. Institutional Framework for Disaster
Management in Bangladesh
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Course Summary (Part - B)
Disaster Management Plans: need for counter disaster plans,
general considerations, Format of a plan, critical areas, and aspects
for consideration.
Disaster and National Development: impact of disaster on
national development, disaster management policy and national
development.
Disasters of Bangladesh: types, impacts and mitigation
measures.
People’s Perception and Response to Disaster. Institutional
Framework for Disaster Management in Bangladesh
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Topics to be Covered by this Presentation Hazards
Classification of Hazards
Hazards Assessment
Vulnerability Categories of Vulnerabilities
Characteristics of Urban Setting Vulnerabilities
Risk Concepts of Risk and its Analysis
Parameters of Risk
Disaster Damage
Type of Damage
How to Define Possible Elements at Risk
Types of Disaster and Emergency
Management Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Management Terminology
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dis aster
Bad, ill-
favored star
Calamity results from the unfavourable position of a planet or star
Disaster
Disaster is a highly subjective term
Disaster
How these terms are
interconnected to each other?
Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability and Disaster?
Risk = F(Hazard*Vulnerability* Elements at risk)
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Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability and Disaster?
Training & Education Division, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
There is a
potential for
occurrence
of an event
HAZARD is any substance, phenomenon or situation,
which has the potential to cause disruption or damage
to people, their property, their services and their
environment
Hazards
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Classification of Hazards
Natural
Biological
Technological
Societal
Example??? 12
1. Atmospheric Single element
Excess rainfall, Freezing rain (glaze) High wind speeds, Extreme temperatures
Atmospheric Combined elements/events
Cyclones, Thunderstorms Tornadoes
2. Hydrologic Floods – river and coastal Wave action Drought
3. Geologic Mass-movement
Landslides, Mudslide Earthquake, Volcanic eruption Rapid sediment movement
4. Biologic Epidemic in humans Epidemic in plants Epidemic in animals Locusts
5. Technologic Transport accidents Industrial explosions and fires Accidental release of toxic chemicals Nuclear accidents Collapse of public buildings
Classification of Hazards
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Secondary Hazards These are hazards that follow as a result of other hazard events.
Hazards secondary to an earthquake may be listed as follows to
illustrate the concept. Primary hazard is the earthquake. Secondary
hazards are
Building collapse
Dam failure
Fire
Hazardous material spill
Interruption of power/ water supply/ communication/ transportation/ waste disposal
Landslide
Soil liquefaction
Tsunami (tidal wave)
Water pollution
Rate of onset
Include rapid-onset and slower-acting (slow onset) natural hazards. 14
Multiple Hazards
Multiple hazards
When more than one hazard event impacts the same area.
These different hazard events may occur at the same time or may be spaced out in time.
The Return Period
This reflects a statistical measure of how often a hazard event of a given magnitude and intensity will occur.
The frequency is measured in terms of a hazard’s recurrence interval.
Examples are five-year flood, fifty-year flood and a hundred year flood.
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Climate Change
Sea level rise
Global worming
Thunderstorm
Extreme Temperature
Urbanization
Population growth
Land degradation
Poverty
Hazards on the Rise???
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A hazard is a potentially damaging event and the measure of hazard is it’s probability of occurrence at a certain level of severity within a specified period of time in a given area.
Hazard identification implies to “what might happen and where?”
Hazard assessment implies to “How and when?”
Hazards Assessment
"The process of studying the nature of natural/man made hazards determining its essential features (degree of severity, duration, extent of the impact area) and their relationship"
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Quantitative Approach
Use mathematical functions with numerical values
Each variable will describe the relationship among parameters that characterize the phenomena
Qualitative Approach
Use qualitative descriptions (such as low, medium or high) instead of numerical values
Assessment Approach
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Deterministic Approach.
Determined through associated physical characteristics and analysis of consequences.
Probabilistic Approach
Estimates the probability of each hazard affecting an area or region, and likelihood of occurrence and can be determined through research studies, simulation studies, etc (eg. Flood/erosion simulation studies, slope stability calculations, landslide hazard zonation).
Assessment Methods
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SourcesSources..
Myths and legends
Historic Records
Research Data etc.
Sources of Hazard Information in Natural Hazard Assessment
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Hazard Zonation mapping
Hazard maps outline zones that are defined in terms of the probability of occurrence of potentially damaging phenomena within a certain span of time within a specified location or an area. Certain conditions/regulations for the zones are applied.
HAZARD ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS
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Vulnerability is a concept which describes factors or constraints of an
economic, social, physical or geographic nature, which reduce the
ability to prepare for and cope with the impact of hazards.
VULNERABLE AREA
There is a potential for an event to
occur
Vulnerability
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Hazard-specific:
a characteristic which makes the element concerned susceptible
to the force/s or impact of a hazard. The geo-physical and
locational attributes of the element/s concerned are considered
in this category. Based on the present-knowledge of the
distribution and frequency of hazards, a community or country
may be threatened by specific hazards.
Setting-specific:
This is concerned with the prevailing socio-economic
arrangement of the area concerned as to whether it is
predominantly rural or urban. There are inherent setting
characteristics that may be common to both as well as exclusive
to each which contribute to the general susceptibility of the area.
Categories of Vulnerabilities
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Concentrations and Crowdedness - the three aspects are
crowdedness and disease; crowdedness and buildings; crowdedness
and resource base.
Numbers of Peoples and Activities - the two aspect of this
condition are Technologies and the Management System.
Proximity to Man-made Hazards - the aspects considered are
Technological hazards, Economic hazards, and Social Hazards
Characteristics of Urban Setting Vulnerabilities
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Interdependency of Lifelines
Major lifelines of the urban area are dependent on each other to
function effectively. This interdependency is a factor that may
contribute to the area’s vulnerability.
Social and Organizational Dimension
The existing arrangement of a society regarding relationships of
individuals, groups and institutions may create adverse situations
that weakens these elements’ capabilities to face or withstand
hazards and contribute instead to the intensifying of the effects.
Other Factors Contributing to Urban Vulnerabilities
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Attitudinal and Motivational Dimension
The prevalent worldview of the society or certain groups within
society may contribute to a passive or non-active stance
regarding the disasters that beset the area.
Other Factors Contributing to Urban Vulnerabilities
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RISK is the probability that negative consequences may arise when
hazards interact with vulnerable areas, people, property, environment.
RISK is a concept which describes a potential set of consequences that
may arise from a given set of circumstances.
VULNERABLE AREA
Elements at risk
There is a potential for an event to
occur. Therefore there is a risk
Risk
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The Risk Triangle:
RISK
Exposure
Risk is a combination of the
interaction of hazard, exposure, and
vulnerability, which can be
represented by the three sides of a
triangle.
If any one of these sides increases,
the area of the triangle increases,
hence the amount of risk also
increases.
If any one of the sides reduces, the
risk reduces.
If we can eliminate one side there is
no risk.
Concepts of Risk and its Analysis
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Parameters of Risk
Hazards are the source of risks
Hazards create risks by exposing pre-existing vulnerabilities
The risk that a community faces is mitigated by its level of preparedness, response and recovery or readiness
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WHAT IS A DISASTER?
A disaster is an event, natural or man-made, sudden or
progressive, that seriously disrupts the functioning of a
society, causing human, material or environmental losses of
such severity that the affected community has to respond by
taking exceptional measures.
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WHAT IS A DISASTER? Qualitative Definition:
A disaster is a catastrophic situation in which the day to day pattern
of life are suddenly disrupted and as a result people need protection,
food including water, shelter, clothing, medical and social care and
other necessities of life (according to UNDRO- United Nations
Disaster Relief Organization and the League of Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies)
Quantitative Definition:
Mr. Bindi V. Shah of London School of Economics made a global
survey of disasters between 1947 and 1980 and suggested that the
damage cost by a natural hazard may be termed as disaster if it
satisfies one of the following conditions:
- At least US$ 3.6 million worth of damage; or
- At least one hundred people dead; or
- At least one hundred people injured
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WHAT IS DAMAGE?
expected loss of value
Tangible losses
Measurable effects in Monetary Terms.
Intangible Losses
Effects those can not be converted to Monetary Terms.
DAMAGES CAUSED BY DISASTERS
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Consequence Measure Tangible Intangible
Deaths No. of People
Loss of active individuals.
Social and psychological effects of remaining community.
Injuries No. of people % disability
Medical Costs loss of productivity. Temporary loss of economic activity.
Social and psychological effects of relatives & injured, pain & recovery.
Continued…..
HOW TO DEFINE POSSIBLE ELEMENTS AT RISK
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Loss
Physical Damage
No. of damaged houses, structures etc., agricultural areas. Level of damage %
Replacement costs, rehabilitation & repairs cost.
Cultural losses, Social effects.
Emergency operations
No. of man-days Equipment and resources hours.
Mobilisation costs Investments in preparedness measurers.
Stress & overwork of relief workers.
Consequence Measure Tangible Intangible
Continued…..
HOW TO DEFINE POSSIBLE ELEMENTS AT RISK
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Loss
Disruption of
Economy
No. of lost working days, value of production lost.
Cost of lost productivity.
Opportunities competitiveness reputation.
Social Disruption
No. of displaced, No. of homeless.
Cost for temporary housing, relief, health care.
Psychological, social contacts cohesion morale.
Environmental Impact
Scale & Severity
Maintenance & repair cost.
Health risks, Future disaster risk.
Consequence Measure Tangible Intangible
HOW TO DEFINE POSSIBLE ELEMENTS AT RISK
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Disasters and emergencies are sometimes grouped into six
main categories:
1. Natural, rapid-onset.
2. Technological, rapid-onset.
3. Slow-onset.
4. Complex political emergencies.
5. Permanent emergencies.
6. Mass population displacements.
TYPES OF DISASTER AND EMERGENCY
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1. Natural, rapid-onset are triggered by natural hazards such as
earthquakes, cyclones, floods, landslides, avalanches, volcanic
eruptions and certain types of disease epidemics. They occur
suddenly, often with very little warning.
2. Technological, rapid-onset are the result of industrial accidents
(for example a chemical or oil spill or a nuclear accident), major
transport accidents, or disruption to other technological systems. They
also occur suddenly, with little warning.
3. Slow-onset term is used mostly to refer to food shortage or famine
triggered by drought or pest attacks on crops, where the crisis builds
up over several weeks or months. It can also cover disasters caused by
environmental degradation or pollution.
TYPES OF DISASTER AND EMERGENCY
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4. Complex political emergencies. Natural hazards, especially
drought, may be a factor here, but a complex political emergency is
characterized by protracted political instability and often high levels of
violence.
5. Permanent emergencies are the result of widespread structural
poverty that requires more or less permanent welfare, but can be made
worse by natural hazards.
6. Mass population displacements can be a cause or a consequence
of other types of emergency.
TYPES OF DISASTER AND EMERGENCY
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Management consists of decision-making activities undertaken by one or more individuals to direct and coordinate the activities of other people in order to achieve results, which could not be accomplished by any one person acting alone.
Management is required when two or more persons combine their efforts and resources to accomplish a goal, which neither can accomplish alone.
WHAT IS MANAGEMENT
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Disaster management can be defined as the effective organization, direction and utilization of available counter-disaster resources
The modern view is that there must be pre-disaster mitigation measures to avoid or reduce impact of disasters. Pre-disaster measures to prevent or mitigate disasters are called Risk Management
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
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Disaster risk management includes administrative decisions and operational activities that involve:
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery and
Rehabilitation.
Disaster risk management involves all levels of government. Non-governmental and community-based organizations play a vital role in the process.
DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
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Mitigation. Any action taken to minimize the extent of a disaster or potential disaster. Mitigation can take place before, during or after a disaster, but the term is most often used to refer to actions against potential disasters.
Structural or non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation and technological hazards (UN/ISDR).
Prevention. Activities to ensure that the adverse impact of hazards and related disasters is avoided.
Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact of hazards and means to minimize related environmental, technological and biological disasters (UN/ISDR)
DISASTER MANAGEMENT TERMINOLOGY
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Preparedness. Specific measures taken before disasters strike, usually to forecast or warn against them, take precautions when they threaten and arrange for the appropriate response. Preparedness falls within the broader field of mitigation.
Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective response to the impact of hazards, including the issuance of timely and effective early warnings and the temporary evacuation of people and property from threatened locations (UN/ISDR).
Relief/Response: The provision of assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs of people affected. It can be of an immediate, short-term, or protracted duration (UN/ISDR).
Recovery: Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring or improving the pre-disaster living conditions of the stricken community, while encouraging and facilitating necessary adjustments to reduce disaster risk. Recovery affords an opportunity to develop and apply disaster risk reduction measures (UN/ISDR).
DISASTER MANAGEMENT TERMINOLOGY
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EXAMPLE OF MEASURES IN EACH DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PHASE
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What We have Covered Today Hazards
Classification of Hazards
Hazards Assessment
Vulnerability Categories of Vulnerabilities
Characteristics of Urban Setting Vulnerabilities
Risk Concepts of Risk and its Analysis
Parameters of Risk
Disaster Damage
Type of Damage
How to Define Possible Elements at Risk
Types of Disaster and Emergency
Management Disaster Risk Management
Disaster Management Terminology
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What We Learnt
Understanding of the basic concept and issues of Hazards and Disaster Management
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What Next?
Lecture 2: Disaster Management Plan (Counter Plan)
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Sample Questions
1. What do you understand by multiple Hazards? Clarify with example.
2. “Risk is a combination of the interaction of hazard, exposure, and
vulnerability” - write down the rationales to justify the statement.
3. Possible links between disaster management planning and development
planning should be considered in the planning process of counter disaster
plan. Explain.
4. Justify the statement “Prevention Is Better than Cure” in disaster
management and planning.
5. Explain Hazards assessment approach with a focus to use of GIS.
6. There are close relations among “Disaster Risk Management”, “Disaster
Risk Reduction”, and “Disaster Risk Assessment” but there are different in
meaning, tasks and approach.
7. “Hazards create risks by exposing pre-existing vulnerabilities” – Explain.
8. Briefly narrate:
Risk versus Damage
Hazard versus Disaster
Physical vulnerability versus Social vulnerability
Disaster management plan versus policy.
