Lect23Geothermal ETC-2012 [Compatibility Mode]

7/30/2019 Lect23Geothermal ETC-2012 [Compatibility Mode]

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GeothermalEnergy

Sergio

CaparedaBAEN,TAMU

Worlds Geothermal Output (2009) = 8,200 MW (10.7 MW in 2010)

US Geothermal Output (2009) = 2,800 MW (34%) (3,000 MW in 2010)

Temperature Profile in Earths Core

Temperature Profile

A : Normal conduct ivegradient

B: High conductive

gradient

C&D: Possible

temperature-depthrelations from

convective flow

E: Boiling point of

water vs depth


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Texas Geothermal Potential

Texas Geothermal Areasfor Direct Applications

PotentialSites:SteamingGround

(Philippines)

Hotwaterandsteamreachingsurfaceof

earth(mud/hotsprings)


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Volcanoes:Mt.Mayon(Philippines)(Tiwi,

Albay

Geothermal

Plant:330

MW) Worlds

Geothermal

Resource

Base

Region Resource Base

North America 21%

Central America 1%

South America 14%

Western Europe 4%

Eastern Europe 17%

Asia 21%

Africa 13%

Pacific Islands 9%

GeothermalExplorationSurveys

Satelliteimageryandaerialphotography

Volcanologicalstudies

Geologicandstructuralmapping

Geochemicalsurveys

Geophysicalsurveys

Temperaturegradientholedrilling

Volcanoes are obvious i ndications of underground heat.


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GeothermalResource

Systems

LiquidDominatedSystems(common) Thermalenergyistransportedbyliquids(waterorbrine)fromrocks

fromdeepregionstonearsurfaceregionwithtemperatures upto~360oC

VaporDominatedSystems(rare) Drysteamfieldswithtemperature~150220oC

Watermaybepresentunderneath

HotDryRockSystems Vastvolumesavailable,notyettrulyexplored

Introducecold

water

from

surface

and

extract

energy

from

heated

water

GeopressureSystems Aquiferswhosefluidsareunderpressureexceedinghydrostatichead

andapproaches thatcausedbyweightofoverlyingrocks

Sedimentslieontopofnonporoussurface

SteamTurbine

Power

Generation

ImperialValleyGeothermalPlant,CA


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ControlRoom

in

aPhilippine

Geothermal

Plant

C ha ra ct eri st ics T iw i Ma k

Ban

InstalledCapacity(MW) 330 330

FirstPlantSynchro ni zed 1/ 79 4/ 79

1991CapacityFactor 70.5 84.8

Steam deliverycapacity(kl b/ hr ) 6 ,3 82 6 ,8 12

AnnualGeneration(MWh) 1.9M 2.4M

OilEquivalent(barrels) 3.1M 4M

Turbineinletpressure(psig ) 84 .67 85 .38

Fieldsize(ha) 1,800 570

Lengthofpipelines(km) 72 62

No.ofproductionwells 79 58

No.ofinjectionwells. 10 21

Averagewelldepth(ft) 5,010 6,643

Averagesteamflowrate(klb/hr) 80 118

Averagebrineflowrate(klb/hr) 55 130

Totalfieldworkforce(NPCPGI) 491 435

National Power Corporation (NPC) - Philippine

Geothermal Inc. (PGI) Philipp ine Faciliti esPhilippine Geothermal Power Plants


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Mt. Apo, Philippines

Mojave Desert, CA

Mammoth Lakes, CA

Tiwi, Albay, Philippines

LargestGeothermal

Plant,

US

The Geysers Dry

Steam Field , CA (1932)

MammothLakes,CA Reykjavik,Iceland(1932)


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Reykjavik,Iceland

(Today)

95% of all building s

heated by

Geothermal Energy

Applications ElectricalPower

Useofsteamturbines,lowefficiency,drysteamsuitable

SpaceHeatingandCooling ReykjavikMunicipalHeatingProject(Iceland)serving97%

of113,000population

IndustrialApplications Preheating,washing,cooking,blanching, peeling,

evaporationanddrying,refrigeration

ByProducts

Boron,calciumchloride,silicaandzinc

Agriculture Greenhouses, animalhusbandry,aquaculture,soil

warming,mushroomraisingandbiogasgeneration

GeothermalPowerCycles

Indirectcondensingcycle

Noncondensingcycle

Straightcondensingcycle

Singleflash

system

Doubleflashsystem

Binaryfluidcycle

Geothermal

Power

Generation

Cycles


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EnvironmentalEffects

Landuse

Waterquality

Subsidence

Airpollution noxioussulfuricgases,arsenic,hydrogensulfide,etc.

Heatrejection

AffectHotsprings

References

GeothermalEducationOffice(US)

USGeologicalSociety

NREL/DOE

SalinityGradientandColdFusion

SalinityGradient

SalinityGradient isatechnologythattakesadvantageoftheosmoticpressuredifferencesbetweensaltwaterandfreshwater.

Ifasemipermeablemembrane(likethatinareverseosmosisfilter)isplacedbetweensealedbodiesof

salt

water

and

fresh

water,

the

fresh

water

will

graduallytravelthroughthefilterbyosmosis.

Byexploitingthepressuredifferencebetweenthesetwobodiesofwater,energycanbeextracted,inproportiontothedifferenceinosmoticpressure.


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SalinityGradientSolarPond

(300kW

thermal

70

kWe,

El

Paso)

AdvantagesandDisadvantages

Advantages:

NoCO2 orothersignificanteffluentsoranyglobalenvironmentaleffects;

Completelyrenewable;

Nonperiodic(unlikewindorwavepower);

Suitableforsmallorlargescaleplants(modularlayout)

Drawbacks:

Someplantequipmenthasyettobedevelopedwiththenecessaryefficiency;

Highcapitalcostsforplantconstruction mostlybuildingsandmachinery;

Energycostisverysensitivetomembranecostandefficiency;

Membranesusedforplantsarevulnerabletofouling.

Conclusions Salinitypowerisoneofthelargestsourcesof

renewableenergythatisstillnotexploited.

Theexploitablepotentialworldwideisestimatedtobe2000TWhannually.

Notreadilyevidenttomostpeople.

Considerabletechnologicaldevelopmentisnecessarytofullyutilizethisresource.

Lackofefficientandsuitableplantcomponents

Thepotentialcostofenergyfromthissourceishigherthanmosttraditionalhydropower,butiscomparable

tootherformsofrenewableenergythatarealready

producedinfullscaleplants.


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Epilogue

ColdFusion(nuclearfusionreactions)

GravityFieldEnergy(gravityandelectromagnetism)

Epilogue1:

Cold

Fusion

ColdFusion twonucleiareforcedtojointogethertoformaheaviernucleus,andduringthatprocess,

energyisreleased.Processoccurnearroom

temperatureandpressure.

Alsoknownas:LowEnergyNuclearReactions(LENR),orChemicallyAssistedNuclearReactions

(CANR)

Useofheavywaterwithhighdeuteriumcontentderivedfromsea.

FleischmannPonsExperiment(23

March1989) Reportedtohaveachievedfusionatroomtemperature. Claimedtogeneratemorethanfourtimesenergythatwasput

in.

Numerousotherswerenotabletoreplicatetheseclaims. Theabilitytoreproduceanexperimentisthegoldstandardin

scienceforverifyingadiscovery.

TheDepartment

of

Energy

concluded

there

was

no

convincing

evidencePonsandFleischmann'sexperimentgeneratedextraheat,orwasanuclearreaction,andthecommitteesawnoreasontosetupaspecialfundtoinvestigatetheclaims.

Theirreputationsruined,andtheirdiscoverydisgraced,coldfusionbecamethethirdrailofscience.StanleyPonsgaveuphisAmericancitizenship andjoinedMartinFleischmanninselfimposedexileinFrance

ColdFusionReactors

Cold fusion cell at the US Navy

Space and Naval Warfare Systems

Center, San Diego, CA (2005)

The electrolysi s cell


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Conclusion:They

are

Back!

Newcoldfusionexperiment(crystalfusion):insertasmallpyroelectriccrystal(lithiumtantalite)insideachamberfilledwithhydrogen.Warmingthecrystalbyabout100degrees(from 30Fto45F)producedahugeelectricalfieldofabout100,000voltsacrossthesmallcrystal(UCLA).

Fleischmann washiredbyD2Fusion(CAbased)in2006andplantoreleasesolidstatefusionreactorsshortly.

ResearchersinBoulderColoradoreport1.3to1.4moreenergyoutthanwasputintothesystem,replicatinganexperimentalproceduredescribedinapaperpresentedattheICCF12

meeting

in

Japan

last

November.

TheUSDepartmentofEnergyhaspredictedthatwe'llhavetowaitanotherfivedecades,minimum,beforefusionpowerbecomespractical.Othersbelieveditwillbeshorterthanthat.

Epilogue2:GravitationalFieldEnergy Tachyon

a

theoretical

subatomic

particle

traveling

faster

than

the

speedoflight.Alsoknownaszeropointenergy.

Inthesummerof1931,TeslatookhisnephewtoBuffalo,N.Y.tobegintestinganewautomobileintowhichhehadinstalledamostremarkabledevice.Attheageof70,andusinghisownprivatefunds,Teslabuiltwhatisnowbelievedtobethefirstknown"energyreceiver"(gravitationalenergyconverter)thatactuallyoperatedamotor(less)vehicle.Thecarwasalarge,heavyPierceArrow,oneoftheluxurycarsofthatera.Theenginewasremovedandreplacedwithanelectricmotor.Underthedashboard,Teslainstalledhisenergyreceiver.Teslasaidtheconverterproducedenoughpowertoilluminateanentirehouseaswellasrunthecar.

Thecar

was

tested

for

aweek

and

effortlessly

reached

top

speeds

of90mph.

ItisbelievedbymanythatTeslawasthefirsttoactuallybuildareceiverthatharnessedgravitationalfieldenergy,whichisnowunderstoodtobeadirectderivativeofTachyonenergy.

TheNMachineorHomopolar

Generator

BruceDePalma EEatHarvard(1958)andtaught15yearsatMIT,claimedthathisNmachine(Homopolar

Generator),adevicebasedontheFaradaydisc,could

producefivetimestheenergyrequiredtorunit.

Accordingto

mainstream

physics,

no

such

device

is

physicallypossible.

P.Tewari(ProjectDirectorIndianNuclearPowerCorp.) DePalmascloseallywhohasdesigneda

similarSpacePowerGenerator,claimedtohave

200%efficiency.

BasicPrinciple:FaradaysDisk


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TheSunburst

N

Machine Robert

Kincheloes

Conclusions

(EEProfStanford) Wearefacedwiththeapparentresultthatthe

outputpowerobtainedwhenthegeneratormagnetisenergizedgreatlyexceedstheincreaseindrivepoweroverthatneededtosupplylosseswiththemagnetnotenergized.Thisiscertainlyanomalousintermsofconventionaltheory.

Hispossibleexplanations:

Error

in

measurements.

But

errors

are

too

large Theremayindeedbeasituationwherebyenergyisbeingobtainedfromapreviouslyunknownandunexplainedsource.

WhileDePalma'snumberswerehigh,hisbasicpremisehasnotbeendisproved.

Conclusion

DePalmadiedin1998justweeksbeforethetestoftheirlatesthomopolargenerator.

Thetesthoweverwasnotverysuccessful.

Hans

A.

Nieper.

Author

of

the

book

entitled

"ConversionofGravityFieldEnergy:Revolution

inTechnology,MedicineandSociety",USA,

1985.

Nieper,AWorldRenownedCancerExpertdiedin1998.

Documents

Lect23Geothermal ETC-2012 [Compatibility Mode]