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7/28/2019 Lect 17_Urban Land Use Planning Theories Introduction to Town Planning
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LECTURE 17
URBAN LAND USE PLANNING THEORIES/MODELS
Lecturer: Atif Bilal AslamDepartment of City & Regional Planning
University of Engineering & Technology, LahoreDecember 31, 2009
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Six processes at work in a city
Concentration differential distribution ofpopulation and economic activities in a city,and the manner in which they have focused
on the center of the cityDecentralization the location of activity
away from the central city
Segregation the sorting out of population
groups according to conscious preferencesfor associating with one group or anotherthrough bias and prejudice
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Six processes at work in thecity
Specialization similarto segregation onlyrefers to the economic sector
Invasion traditionally, a process through
which a new activity or social group entersan area
Succession a new use or social groupgradually replaces the former occupants
The following theories/ models wereconstructed to examine single cities and donot necessarily apply to metropolitancoalescences so common in todays world
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Concentric zone model
Developed in 1925 by Ernest W.Burgess
A model with five zones.
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Concentric zone model
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Concentric zone model
A model with five zones.
Zone 1
The central business district (CBD)
Distinct pattern of income levels out to thecommuters zone
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Concentric zone model
Zone 2
Characterized by mixed pattern of industrialand residential land use
Rooming houses, small apartments, andtenements attract the lowest incomesegment
Often includes slums and skid rows, many
ethnic ghettos began here Usually called the transition zone
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Concentric zone model
Zone 3 The workingmens quarters
Solid blue-collar, located close to factories
of zones 1 and 2 More stable than the transition zone around
the CBD
Often characterized by ethnicneighborhoods blocks of immigrants who
broke free from the ghettos Spreading outward because of pressure
from transition zone and because blue-collar workers demanded better housing
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Concentric zone model
Zone 4
Middle class area of better housing
Established city dwellers, many of whom
moved outward with the first streetcarnetwork
Commute to work in the CBD
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Concentric zone model
Zone 5
Consists of higher-income families clusteredtogether in older suburbs
Located either on the farthest extension ofthe trolley or commuter railroad lines
Spacious lots and large houses
From here the rich pressed outward to
avoid congestion and social heterogeneitycaused by expansion of zone 4
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Concentric zone model
Critics of the model Pointed out even though portions of each
zone did exist, rarely were they linked to
totally surround the city Burgess countered there were distinct
barriers, such as old industrial centers,preventing the completion of the arc
Others felt Burgess, as a sociologist,overemphasized residential patterns anddid not give proper credit to other landuses
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Chicago, Burgesss HomeTown
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Sector model
Homer Hoyt, an economist, presentedhis sector model in 1939
Maintained high-rent districts wereinstrumental in shaping land-usestructure of the city
Because these areas were reinforced
by transportation routes, the patternof their development was one ofsectors or wedges
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Sector model
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Sector model
Hoyt suggested high-rent sector wouldexpand according to four factors
Moves from its point of origin near the CBD,
along established routes of travel, towardanother nucleus of high-rent buildings
Will progress toward high ground or alongwaterfronts, when these areas are not used forindustry
Will move along the route of fastesttransportation
Will move toward open space
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Sector model
As high-rent sectors develop, areasbetween them are filled in Middle-rent areas move directly next to them,
drawing on their prestige
Low-rent areas fill remaining areas Moving away from major routes of travel, rents
go from high to low
There are distinct patterns in todays citiesthat echo Hoyts model
He had the advantage of writing later thanBurgess in the age of the automobile
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Multiple nuclei model
Suggested by Chauncey Harris and EdwardUllman in 1945
Maintained a city developed with equal
intensity around various points The CBD was not the sole generator of
change
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Multiple nuclei model
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Multiple nuclei model
Equal weight must be given to:
An old community on city outskirtsaround which new suburbs clustered
An industrial district that grew from anoriginal waterfront location
Low-income area that began because of
some social stigma attached to site
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Multiple nuclei model
Rooted their model in four geographicprinciples
Certain activities require highly specialized
facilities Certain activities cluster because they profit
from mutual association
Certain activities repel each other and will notbe found in the same area
Certain activities could not make a profit if theypaid the high rent of the most desirablelocations
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Feminist critiques
Most criticisms of above models focusor their inability to account for all thecomplexities of urban forms
All three models assume urbanpatterns are shaped by economictrade-offs between
Traditional models that assume aspatial separation of workplace andhome are no longer appropriate
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Latin American model
More complex because of influence oflocal cultures on urban development
Difficult to group cities of thedeveloping world into one or twocomprehensive models
Latin American model is shown in
next slide
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Latin American model
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Latin American model
In contrast to todays cities in the U.S., theCBDs of Latin American cities are vibrant,dynamic, and increasingly specialized
A reliance on public transit that serves thecentral city
Existence of a large and relatively affluentpopulation closest to CBD
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Latin American model
Outside the CBD, the dominant componentis a commercial spine surrounded by
the elite residential sector These two zones are interrelated and called the
spine/sector Essentially an extension of the CBD down a
major boulevard Here are the citys important amenities parks,
theaters, restaurants, and even golf courses
Strict zoning and land controls ensurecontinuation of these activities, protecting elitefrom incursions by low-income squatters
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Latin American model
Inner-cityzone of maturity
Less prestigious collection of traditionalcolonial homes and upgraded self-built
homes
Homes occupied by people unable toparticipate in the spine/sector
Area of upward mobility
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Latin American model
Zone of accretion Diverse collection of housing types,
sizes, and quality
Transition between zone of maturity andnext zone
Area of ongoing construction and change
Some neighborhoods have city-provided
utilities Other blocks must rely on water and
butane delivery trucks for essentialservices
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Latin American model
Zone of peripheral squattersettlements
Where most recent migrants are found
Fringe contrasts with affluent andcomfortable suburbs that ring NorthAmerican cities
Houses often built from scavengedmaterials
Gives the appearance of a refugee camp
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Latin American model
Zone of peripheral squatter settlements Surrounded by landscape bare of vegetation
that was cut for fuel and building materials
Streets unpaved, open trenches carrywastes, residents carry water from longdistances, electricity is often pirated
Residents who work have a long commute
Many are transformed through time into
permanent neighborhoods