Lect 1 Energy Intro

8/17/2019 Lect 1 Energy Intro

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Renewable Energy

Lecture-1

What is energy

• Energy – The ability to do work • Energy is the power to change things.

• It is the ability to do work.

• Energy is used for lighting, powers vehicles and

runs machinery in factories.• Energy warms and cools homes, cooks our food,

plays music, and gives pictures on television.

• Joule - A unit of energy. One joule equals 0.2388calories


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Energy is that "certain something" inside matter that

brings about some change.

Movement

Falling

Exploding

Storing

Nature of energy

• What is energy that it can be involved in so

many different activities?

– If an object or organism does work (exerts a

force over a distance to move an object) the

object or organism uses energy.


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Energy and Work

• Because of the direct connectionbetween energy and work, energy ismeasured in the same unit as work: joules (J).

• In addition to using energy to do work,

objects gain energy because work isbeing done on them.

Energy forms

The five main forms of energy are:

–Heat ?

–Chemical

–Electromagnetic

–Nuclear

–Mechanical


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Energy Conversion

• Energy can be changed from one form to

another.

• Changes in the form of energy are called

energy conversions.

Conversion

All forms of energy can be converted into other forms. – The sun’s energy through solar cells can be converted directly into

electricity.

– Green plants convert the sun’s energy (electromagnetic) into starchesand sugars (chemical energy).

– In an automobile engine, fuel is burned to convert chemical energy intoheat energy. The heat energy is then changed into mechanical energy.

– Chemical HeatMechanical – In an electric motor, electromagnetic energy is converted to mechanical

energy.

– In a battery, chemical energy is converted into electromagnetic energy.

– The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted to electrical energy ina generator.


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States of Energy

• The most common energy conversion is the

conversion between potential and kinetic

energy.

• All forms of energy can be in either of two

states:

– Potential - stored energy

– Kinetic - the energy of motion.

STATES OF ENERGY

1. Kinetic - The energy of motion,

when energy is being

transferred.

The faster the motion, the more kinetic

energy it has. The bigger the mass, the moreKinetic energy it has.

Depends on mass and velocity

Increase Mass Increase K.E.

Increase Velocity Increase K.E.


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Why would a high speed collision

cause more damage than a lowspeed collision?

Kinetic Energy

• The faster an object moves, the more kineticenergy it has.

• The greater the mass of a moving object, themore kinetic energy it has.

• Kinetic energy depends on both mass and

velocity.

• What has a greater affect of kinetic energy,

mass or velocity?

2

2

1. mv E K


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2. Potential -Stored Energy or energy

that is waiting to be

transferred.

STATES OF ENERGY

-Object is not moving or doing work.

BUT… the shape or position of the object

can change the amount of potential energy.

-When work is done on an object,

potential energy is stored.

-Has the ability to turn into kinetic energy.

Potential Energy• Potential Energy is stored energy.

– Stored chemically in fuel, the nucleus of atom,and in foods.

– stored because of the work done on it:

• Stretching a rubber band.

• Winding a watch.

• Pulling back on a bow’s arrow.

• Lifting a brick high in the air.

• Potential energy that is dependent on height iscalled gravitational potential energy.


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What type of energy does eachPicture demonstrate?

Kinetic – When you Swing hammerPotential

Potential Kinetic


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The Roller Coaster

http://www.ohiomathworks.org/themeparks/coastequation.gif

http://www.ohiomathworks.org/themeparks/coastequation.gifhttp://www.ohiomathworks.org/themeparks/coastequation.gifhttp://www.ohiomathworks.org/themeparks/coastequation.gif


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7 Forms of Energy


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Forms of Energy

• Mechanical Energy

• Electrical Energy

• Thermal Energy

• Radiation Energy

• Chemical Energy

• Nuclear Energy

• Magnetic Energy

FORMS OF ENERGY

1. Mechanical – Energy associated with

motion, anything moving.

POTENTIAL OR KINETIC

Examples of mechanical energy


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FORMS OF ENERGY

2. Thermal – Heat EnergyIs Kinetic

Results from friction, causes temperatureand phase changes, ALL OTHER TYPES of energy

TURN INTO THIS.

Solid to Liquid Liquid to Gas

FORMS OF ENERGY

3. Chemical – Energy that is released as a result

of molecular bonds being broken.A Form of Potential Energy

Wood Burning; chemical energy

stored in the wood is used)Photosynthesis, batteries.


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FORMS OF ENERGY

4. Electrical Energy – Energy of movingelectrons. Is

always kinetic.

The electrical outlets

in your home allow

you to use electrical

energy

FORMS OF ENERGY

5. Sound – Caused by an object’s vibrations.

Can also be considered

mechanical.

Is potential and kinetic

Example: Guitar Strings

Vibrating

Is potential and kinetic


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6. Light – Produced by the vibrations of

electrically charged particle that are

visible. Is kinetic.

LIGHT ISELECTROMAGNETICENERGY

Electromagnetic Spectrum


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Electromagnetic Energy

Microwave Infrared

Radio Waves X-Rays

FORMS OF ENERGY

7. Nuclear – energy associated with changes

in the nucleus of an atom.

Is potential.

Examples:

Sun’s Energy Nuclear Power Plant


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Energy Measurement

• Units

– BTUs

– Calories

– kWh

– Joules

• One can be converted to another if theconversion factor is known


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EGEE 102- Pisupati 33

Power

Power Energy(or work )

Time

•Energy is the capacity to do work

•

Power is the rate at which work is done

•Unit 1 watt= 1 J/s = 3.412 Btu/h


Unit of Power is watt (W)

defined as

1 hp (horse power unit) = 550ft lb

S

I x I x R = I 2 R

1 Watt = 1 J

s


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Problem

•A 40W tube light is left accidentally on

overnight (8 hours).1. How much energy does it consume ?

2. how much money does this cost, if

electricity cost Rs: 500 per Kilowatt hour?

36

Energy Use = Power x Time of Power Use

Wh320h8W40

32kWh.0

Cost of the Energy = Energy Used x Cost of Unit of Energy

160.kWh1

500.kWh32.0 Rs

Rs


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Calculation of Your Energy

Consumption

• Find Power consumption and calculate approximateenergy consumption for a month for the followingloads ( 1KW = Rs: 500)

– 6 Electric bulbs (40 W, used for 6 hours each)

– 1 Refrigerator (300W, 24 hours daily)

– 1 Washing machine ( 120 W, 2 hours weekly)

– 1 Dryer(500W, 2 hours weekly)

– 1 Dishwasher ( 500W, 1 hour daily).

– 1 TV (120 W, 4 hours daily) – 4 Fans (80W, 8 hours daily)

– 1 Iron (1000W, 30 minutes daily)

ENERGY CONVERSIONS

A change from one form of energy to

another is called an energy conversion.

Any form of energy can be converted

Into any other form of energy.

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ENERGY CONVERTING FROM

POTENTIAL TO KINETIC

MAX

PE.

MAX

KE.

MAX

PE.

CHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSIONS1. Chemical energy in food is converted to ……… 2. Mechanical energy when you are moving,3. Heat as a result of the movement to maintainbody temperature

Chemical mechanical thermal (heat)


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Examples of Other

Chemical Energy Conversions

1. Batteries(chemical) lightheatsound

2. Gas(chemical) mechanicalheatsound

Lighting: electricallightheat

Most of the energy is convertedto heat. Only a smallpercentage of the originalenergy is converted into lightenergy. Heat causes the air to

move very rapidly which in turncauses sound.


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MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSIONS

Movement causes friction which cause

heat. Mechanical can turn intomechanical again.

Bike: mechanical mechanical

thermal sound

Sources of Energy


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The different sources of energy

The different sources are:-

1. Fossil fuels2. Hydro power plant3. Biomass4. Wind energy5. Solar energy6. Geo thermal energy7. Ocean thermal energy8. Tidal energy9. Wave energy10.Nuclear energy

Energy Sources

• Non-Renewable – CAN NOT BE REPLACED IN A SHORT

AMOUNT OF TIME; LIMITED

• Renewable – CAN BE REGENERATED IN A RELATIVELY

SHORT PERIOD OF TIME; UNLIMITED

Non Renewable:

– A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown ata scale comparable to its consumption

– Coal

– Oil

– Natural Gas

– Nuclear

• Once they are used, they are gone!

• These are called fossil fuels.


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Non Renewable energy Sources

Non Renewable energy sources


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Fossil Fuels

• Carbon-based fuels formed over millions of

years

• Made from the remains of ancient plants and

animals

• Coal, Oil and Natural gas

Types of Fossil Fuels

• Coal

• Oil

• Gas


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Energy from Fossil Fuels

• Most of our electricity comes from

the burning of the fossil fuels coal and gas.

• Once they have been burned

we cannot replace them.

Electricity Generation fromFossil Fuels

• The first stage in generating electricity from coal or oil is to burn it.

• Energy is transferred and used to heat water and produce steam.

• The steam drives steam turbines

• Steam turbine drives generators

• generators produce electricity.


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Electricity Generation fromfossil fuels

Click tocontinue

Energy Flow Inside a power station

Chemical energy in

coal

Thermal

energy

Kinetic energy in

turbine

Kinetic energy in

generator

Electrical

Energy


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Energy generation from Nuclear Power

Non-renewable energy resources will eventually run out.

Scientists think that

natural gas reserves

will only last another

25-30 years.

How long can non-renewable energy last?

25-30 years

about 75 years

about 300 years

natural gas

oil

coal

nuclear power thousands of years

Type of fuel Time until reservesrun out

Even though nuclear fuel will last thousands of years, there

is still a limited supply and so it will eventually run out.

energy resource.

It is difficult to be

exact as new gas

fields are still beingdiscovered.

This is why nuclear power is classed as a non-renewable

http://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCKGg-oGl7McCFUJbGgodJPUA2w&url=http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/nuclear1.htm&psig=AFQjCNGbG5GB1lZ4tySJi7SHFV439MmlVQ&ust=1441968388415885


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Problems with fossil fuels• They are non-renewable and one day we may run out of them.

• They produce CO2 when burnt.

• CO2 is a greenhouse gas.

• It contributes to global warming.

• Natural gas produces much less carbon dioxide.

• Nuclear power produces NO carbon dioxide.

• They often contain sulphur.

• Sulphur is released as sulphur dioxide, SO2 , when the fuel is burnt.

• This is very acidic and causes acid rain-acid rain – Rainwater that is more

acidic than normal due to the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels.

• Acid rain can be avoided in two ways.• Removing the sulphur from the fuel

• Removing SO2 from the power station’s waste gases.

• Both these options are expensive and add considerably to the cost of

producing electricity.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of burning

fossil fuels in power stations to generate electricity?

Fossil fuels: what are the pros andcons?

non-renewable

acid rain

greenhouse effect

readily available

easily transported

low fuel cost

low building costs

short start-up times

inefficient

Advantagesof fossil fuels

Disadvantagesof fossil fuels


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It also contains plutonium, which

is a highly-radioactive product of

the fission reactions that occur in

uranium nuclear fuel.

Problems with nuclear waste

However, plutonium is also used in the construction of

nuclear bombs and poses a very serious threat if it gets

into the wrong hands.

Nuclear power stations produce radioactive waste.

The used nuclear fuel contains some

uranium, which can be separated

from the waste and reused.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using

nuclear power to generate electricity?

links with cancer

Nuclear power: what are the pros and cons?

expensive to build

non-renewable

produces radioactive waste

cheaper to run once built

conserves fossil fuels

no sulfur dioxide emissions

no carbon dioxide emissions

safe under normal conditions

expensive to decommission

small amount of fuel usedso less transport needed risk of disaster

Advantagesof nuclear power

Disadvantagesof nuclear power


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Other Harmful Effects acid rain – Rainwater that is more acidic than

normal due to the release of sulfur dioxide andnitrogen oxides into the atmosphere by burningfossil fuels.

global warming – The increase in thetemperature of the Earth, which some scientiststhink is causing climate change.

greenhouse effect – The trapping of heat fromthe Sun by certain gases in the Earth’satmosphere.

greenhouse gas – A gas, such as carbon dioxide,that can trap heat from the Sun in the Earth’satmosphere.

Renewable Energy


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Renewable Energy Sources

• Renewable resources are natural resources thatcan be replenished in a short period of time.

• Solar

• Geothermal

• Wind

• Biomass

• Waves(water)

Solar Energy

• Sun is abundant

• Sun is everywhere ( specially in Pakistan)

• Sun is free

• Sun is a clean and renewable energy source

• Sun shines more energy in one hour than thetotal annual requirement of the world –rich

and poor both included

• Solar cells cause no pollution

• Solar cells make absolutely no noise at all


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Concentrated Solar Power

65

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http://www.kingsunsolarproducts.com/solar-cookers.html

Solar cooker

Solar Mobile Phone Charger

Solar Street lights

Solar Garden Light

Solar Torch

Solar Water Heater

Solar Battery charger

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Types of Solar cells• Mono-crystalline solar cell

• Polycrystalline solar cell

• Buried contact solar cell• Cadmium telluride solar cell

• Copper indium gallium selenide solarcells

• Dye-sensitized solar cell

• Gallium arsenide germanium solar cell

• Hybrid solar cell

• Multi-junction solar cell

• Nano-crystal solar cell

• Organic solar cell

• Plasmonic solar cell

• Plastic solar cell

• Polymer solar cell

• Quantum dot solar cell• Solid-state solar cell

• Thin film solar cell

• Wafer solar cell

67

Solar Fiber

68

http://www.solarfiber.nl/en/page/4/

http://www.gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/3d-pv57.jpg?phpMyAdmin=387c4b701e2at54367afahttp://v3solar.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Screen-Shot-2013-03-20-at-6.55.17-PM.png


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Solar Energy Generation

Wind Energy• Abundant

• Free of Cost

• Un exhaustible

• doesn’t require fuel

• doesn’t create greenhouse gasses, toxic or radioactive waste

• does not present any significant hazard to wildlife

• small land area is required

• Landowners often receive payment for the use of their land,

which enhances their income and increases the value of the

land

• Each megawatt-hour of electricity generated by wind energy

helps to reduce 0.8 to 0.9 tones of greenhouse gas emissions that

are produced by coal or diesel fuel generation each year.http://www.pmd.gov.pk/wind/Wind_Project_files/Page767.html

http://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=ZXRxGU7hobH6PM&tbnid=JyXejls6H5C8AM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.our-energy.com/wind_energy_europe_usa_comparison.html&ei=nPavUrjmMuOn0QWM9oDQAg&bvm=bv.57967247,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNEU12nchdOFnxuw1HhdeaG6NqnFIw&ust=1387349858433678


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December 2, 2013 [email protected] 71

http://www.pmd.gov.pk/wind/Wind_Project_files/Page694.html

Pakistan is a wind corridor for

India and they are using it more

efficiently for the generation of

Electricity


http://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Leg5uhr0Uc9eaM&tbnid=AvZfCQWLhHbdAM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://globalpatriot.com/2011/11/05/we-need-symphonic-solutions/&ei=GbyqUrKKAuW70wWkuIGYAg&bvm=bv.57967247,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNGywYFRm_bwuKBDpIf707BI8Qo9zg&ust=1387007096849746http://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Z37gjbvlBzk6LM&tbnid=1frU_BjjRwVf4M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farm&ei=oGupUpGmKIOh0QWT84GgBg&bvm=bv.57967247,d.d2k&psig=AFQjCNFuTY22smZ0UmzLZdFt7J9asHBPHA&ust=1386921176433482


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Energy generation by wind turbines


Hydroelectric Power generation

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Geothermal power generation• Energy from Earth’s heat.

• In some volcanic areas hotwater and steam rise to thesurface.

• The steam can be tapped andused to drive turbines.

Power Generation from Biomass• The biomass resource can be considered as organic matter, in

which the energy of sunlight is stored in chemical bonds.

• When the bonds between adjacent carbon, hydrogen andoxygen molecules are broken by digestion, combustion, ordecomposition, these substances release their stored chemicalenergy.

• woody plants,

• herbaceous plants/grasses,

• aquatic plants,• Manures(fertilizers, feeds)


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Pros & Cons

• COAL

– cheap

– Abundant

– source of greenhouse

gases

• HYDRO

– Clean

– Seasonal

– no new sources

– NATURAL GAS

• cleaner than coal

• limited supply

– SOLAR & WIND

• renewable

• expensive,

• low energy density

• Intermittent (Irregular supply)

Non- Renewable vs. Renewable


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Energy Source-Fuels

ClassificationNon renewable (limited in quantity

or depleting)

Coal

Natural Gas

Petroleum

Oil

Tar Sands

Nuclear Fission

Renewable (unlimited by rate of use ornon-depleting)

Solar

Hydro

Wind

Tidal

Biomass

Nuclear Fusion

The End

Documents

Lect 1 Energy Intro