Lecithins and PhospholipidsA SimPLe Guide to uSe And SeLection

ALC

About Lecithins

Lecithins help make chocolate

smooth and powdered baby

formula dissolve easily in

water. They help ink flow

from ball-point pens, spray

paints provide even coatings

and cooking sprays keep food

from sticking to hot surfaces.

American Lecithin Company

offers a wide range of

standard, refined and

fractionated lecithins.

Sold under the ALCOLEC®

brand name, they are

available in liquid, granular

and powder form.

Chemical characteristics, product attributes,

classifications and labeling criteria in this

brochure refer to American Lecithin soy-based

products. To learn about American Lecithin

products derived from other sources, contact us

at 203.262.7100.

2 3

Lecithins are prepared by extracting and

purifying phospholipids from naturally

occurring products such as soybeans, eggs,

sunflower and canola seeds. Lecithins are

amphiphilic (they have different affinities

for oil and water), and their low production

costs make them invaluable in a broad

range of manufacturing processes.

The Unique, All-Natural Emulsifier

Lecithins are used mainly as emulsifiers. They are surface-

active; simultaneous hydrophilic (water-loving) and

hydrophobic (water-repelling) properties enable lecithins to

make stable blends of materials that otherwise do not mix

easily and tend to separate. The amount of lecithin needed

to blend substances such as the soybean oil and water in

margarine, or the pigment in latex paint, depends on the

overall fat content in the end product.

Lecithins also have characteristics that help:

• Disperse and suspend powders into liquids

• Control the viscosity of liquids and semi-liquids

• Prevent foods from sticking to contact surfaces

• Prevent adhesion of food products to one another

How Lecithins Work

Lecithins can be:

EmulsifiersEmulsions are produced by dispersing normally unmixable material into another by mixing, colloidal milling or homogenization. The surface-active qualities of lecithins make them effective emulsifying agents that reduce mixing time and maintain the stability of the dispersion.

Wetting and Instantizing AgentsLecithins provide fast, complete wetting of powders into aqueous systems. Low-

in dip tanks and spray applications. Water-filled dip tanks usually contain up to 10% de-oiled lecithin; pan or belt-release applications consist mainly of vegetable oil with approximately 2% lecithin.

Separating AgentsWhen applied directly to products such as processed cheese slices, lecithins help form a stable film barrier that prevents them from sticking together. When used directly in products such as baked goods, they enhance the ability to cut and shape products and reduce sticking to mixing vessels.

Extrusion AidsExtrusion technology uses lecithin as a processing aid to enhance extrusion rates and throughput, resulting in more economical production. Examples of extruded products include fat-free pretzels, reduced fat snacksand pastas.

Anti-Dusting AgentsInclusion of ALCOLEC lecithins enhances wettability by reducing static interface.

fat powders require lecithins with lower HLB values (see explanation on page 8) to retard wetting rates; fatty powders require higher HLB values.

Viscosity ModifiersLecithins greatly reduce the surface tension of fats, enabling particles of chocolate, sugar and milk products, for example, to be coated, improving flow and mixability. Typical usage levels are 0.2 – 0.6% of total product weight.

Release AgentsLecithins promote separation of food from contact surfaces

Shelf- Life AidsIncorporation of ALCOLEC lecithin with the amylose portion of wheat flour slows starch retrogradation. This process in effect extends shelf life.

Nutritional SupplementsLecithins have nutritional value of their own. The phospholipids they contain, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS) and derivatives such as glycero- phosphocholine (alpha-GPC) have been widely acknowledged by nutritionists, and substantiated by numerous human clinical studies, as beneficial to the function of the liver, brain, heart, and other organs. American Lecithin Company offers three products, ALCOLEC® PC, ALCOLEC® PS and ALCOLEC® GPC, specifically for use in softgel, tablets, and hardcap nutritional supplements.

4 5

Most of the performance benefits of soybean-based lecithins

come from the unique hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface-

active properties of phospholipids, their primary component.

These phospholipids are present in liquid lecithin:

Phosphatidylcholine (PC, 14–16%)

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE,10–15%)

Phosphatidylinositol (PI, 10–15%)

Phosphatidic acid (PA, 5–12%)

Chemistry Soybean lecithins also contain triglycerides, sterols, small quantities of fatty acids and carbohydrates. De-oilinglecithin enhances the typicalphospholipid composition asshown in the accompanyingcharts. Fractionating(breaking up) these complexmixtures, or adding elementssuch as refined oils orsurfactants, can create newproducts tailored for specificapplications. Fractionatedphospholipid products areenriched in phospholipid content.Very delicate applications requirethe purest lecithin emulsifierthat contains more than 80%phosphatidylcholine.

As emulsifiers, lecithins can be added to the oil phase or the water phase during processing. Fluid leci-thins tend to disperse more easily in oil; de-oiled (powdered) leci-thins more easily in water. Heating to 120oF helps the dispersion and can improve handling and mixing characteristics.

triglycerides

glycolipids

complexed sugars

PA

PI

PE

PC

minor phospholipids

(1%) H2O (1%)

PI

PE

PA

minor phospholipids

complexed sugars

glycolipids

triglycerides

PC

Standard Liquid Lecithin de-oiled Lecithin*

(37%)

(3%)

(11%)

(15%)

(5%)

(8%)

(2%)

(8%)

(5%)

(7%)

(10%)

(14%)

(13%)

(20%)

(16%)

(24%)

* Granular or powdered form; most triglycerides and free fatty acids are removed.

Oil-in-water emulsions typically include lecithin at 5-10%, and water-in-oil emulsions at 1-5% of the oil’s weight.

Most food products contain 1-2% salt; higher levels may affect lecithin functionality.

Particle size affects lecithin requirements in wetting and instantizing applications. Larger particles have less surface area and usually require up to 0.25% lecithination; smaller particles typically require up to 2%.

Lecithin can be derived from various sources. Soybean-derived lecithins have become the industry standard. For nutritional, functional or labeling purposes, American Lecithin has developed products from alternate sources such as egg yolk, canola, and sunflower. Such lecithins have distinct phospholipids and fatty acid composition that allow for an array of new applications.

6 7

Lecithin products are classified using attributes such as color,

viscosity, and the percentages of certain components. The terms

used when specifying lecithins are:

Phosphatidylcholine (PC)Amphiphilic molecule and main emulsifier in lecithin. PC is the major component of biological membranes and supplements the diet with natural choline.

Acetone Insolubles (AI)Expressed as a percentage. This is a measure of the surface-active portion of a lecithin, comprised mainly of phospholipids and glycolipids.

Acid Value (AV)Expressed as meq KOH/kg. this is a measure of total acidity

Classification

afforded by ionizable groups of phospholipids and free fatty acids added to some liquid lecithins to stabilize viscosity.

ColorMeasured against the Gardner scale. most lecithin products range from having a light honey (11 on the scale) to dark amber (17 on the scale) color.

Hexane Insolubles (HI)expressed as a percentage (usually under 0.1%). Measures residual

continued

non-fatty material, composed mainly of soybean meal fines. Moisture (H2O)Measured by the Karl Fisher method, a potentiometric titration specific for water. Powder and liquid lecithins typically containapproximately 1% water.

ViscosityReported in centipoise (cP) at 25ºC/77ºF, after evaluation with a Brookfield rotary viscometer.

Peroxide Value (PV)The vital nutritional benefits of lecithinsarise from their compositions based onunsaturated fatty acids. The integrity ofthese nutritional components requiresgentle processing technologies andregulated storage conditions whichprevent oxidation. Absent theseprecautions, unsaturated double-bondscan stimulate an auto-oxidation process.

oxidation creates the radicals that mostdiets attempt to neutralize. Modernnutritional diets are intentionallyenriched with radical scavengers.Peroxides create reactive oxygen speciesand the most reactive of radicals thatcan, for example, change dnA, causeinflammation, stress cells and lead toarteriosclerotic plaque.

The likelihood of unwanted oxidationof lecithin is best measured througha measurement of the Peroxide Value(PV). Nevertheless, the degradation of lecithins through oxidation enters a hidden phase after the auto-oxidative reaction. In that phase, the PV can even be reduced and the radicals formed can create non-physiological molecules that can be detrimental and are not easily analyzed. Therefore, the PV is reliable only if appropriate storage is ensured throughout the supply chain. American Lecithin specifies the lowest possible PVs and handles its products with greatest care.

HLB ValueEmulsification properties of different lecithins are a function of their water- or fat-loving qualities, known in the industry as Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance or HLB.

Classification

water in oil oil in water

8 9

continued

Product Physical PC AI AV Color HI Moisture Viscosity PV HLB State min max max max max cP max max

ALCOLEC® Standard Fluid Grade

S Fluid 14% 62% 32 17 .1% 1% 12,000 10 4 BS Fluid 14% 62% 32 14 .1% 1% 12,000 100 4 XTRA-A Fluid 14% 66% 25 17 .1% .8% 15,000 10 2

ALCOLEC® De-Oiled

Granules Granular 24% 97% 36 tan .02% 1% N/A 4 7

F-100 Powder 24% 97% 36 tan .02% 1% N/A 4 7

FF-100 Fine Powder 24% 97% 36 tan .02% 1% N/A 4 7

ALCOLEC® Encapsulation Grade

SGu (unbleached) Fluid 14% 60% 36 17 .02% .8% 6,000 10 4

ALCOLEC® Heat Resistant

Phospholipon 80H Powder 70% 97% — off-white — 2% N/A 1 2

ALCOLEC® Easily Sprayable

Aquasperse A Fluid 10% 47% 21 14 .02% .8% 2,500 N/A 12 LV-30 Fluid 11% 50% 26 14 .01% .8% 1,500 100 4

ALCOLEC® PC Enriched

40-P Powder 40% 97% 28 tan N/A 1.2% N/A 3 8

PC35 Fluid 35% 55% 35 16 .01 1.5% 6,000 15 7 PC50 Agglomerate 50% 97% N/A yellowish N/A 1.5% N/A 10 8

PC75 Agglomerate 70% 97% N/A yellowish N/A 1.5% N/A 10 9

ALCOLEC® Enzyme-Modified

EM Powder 24% 97% 36 tan .3% 1.5% N/A 10 9

C LPC 20 Agglomerate 45% 97% N/A tan N/A 1.5% N/A 10 12

C LPC 20H Agglomerate 45% 97% N/A off-white N/A 1.5% N/A N/A 11

ALCOLEC® — Gums

Lexin K Solid 16% 75% 36 14 .1% 1% N/A 50 N/A

Labeling

Labeling LecithinsThis chart shows typical nutritional information associated with various

sources of lecithin.

10 11

ALCOLEC® soy lecithins are all-natural and certified as generally safe

for use in food under various compliance standards worldwide.

The inherent nutritional value in soy and its association with good

health add value when source-labeling products.

In the U.S., most ALCOLEC

soy lecithins are Generally

Recognized as Safe (GRAS)

by the Food and Drug

Administration as a multiple

purpose food ingredient under

the Code of Federal Regulations

(21CFR Sec 582.1400) and

specifications of the Food

Chemicals Codex. The FDA

designation is Soy Lecithin.

in the european union, most

American Lecithin products

conform to EC-Directive 96/77

EC Lecithin (No. E322). Most

are also approved by the

World Health Organization as

a food additive under codex

Alimentarius Standard INS 322.

Chemically modified lecithins

sometimes require special

labeling. When enzymatically

modified, for example, labels

read Enzymatically Modified Soy

Lecithin.

ALCOLEC lecithins are Kosher

and HALAL approved.

Source of Origin

ALcoLec lecithin products

from non genetically modified

sources provide customers

with two labeling options. PcR

negative may be used when a

material has tested negative

for genetic modification by an

independent laboratory using the

PCR (Polymerase-Chain-Reaction)

Roundup Ready method.

iP (Identity Preserved) may be

used when soybeans are produced

without the aid of genetic

engineering,with documented

identity preservation at each stage

of processing, independent third-

party certification of conformance

to defined IP procedures and a

maximum of 0.9% adventitious

residual GM DNA.

Nutritional Liquid GranularSummary Soy Sunflower Soy Sunflower Canola Egg (per 100 grams product) ALCOLEC S ALCOLEC H ALCOLEC F100 ALCOLEC H-20 ALCOLEC C-20 ALCOLEC E-25

calories 790 790 700 700 700 463

Calories From Fat 620 595 480 480 480 225

Total Fat (g.) 69 66 53 53 53 25

Saturated Fat (g.) 14 10 12 6 4 12

Approximate Fatty Acid Composition(in percent of total fatty acids)

monounsaturated 12 17 10 14 56 27

(oleic, 18:1) 12 17 10 14 56 27

(erucic, 22:1) <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Polyunsaturated 61 60 66 70 33 23

(linoleic, 18:2) 55 60 60 70 29 17

(linolenic, 18:3) 6 — 6 — 4 —

(arachidonic, 20:4) — — — — — 4

(docosahexaenoic, 22:6) — — — — — 2

Saturated 21 19 24 15 8 47

(palmitic, 16:0) 17 13 20 11 7 33

(stearic, 18:0) 4 5 4 3 1 14

(arachidic, 20:0) — 1 — 1 — —

Trans Fatty Acid <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5

Primary Acetone Insolubles(per 100 grams product)

Phosphatidylcholine (g.) 16 15 24 24 24 19

Phosphatidylethanolamine (g.) 13 7 20 9 12 5

Phosphatidylinositol (g.) 10 10 14 18 13 —

Please inquire about nutritional profiles for specific products.

the chart on these pages and pages 14-15 can help you determine

which ALCOLEC® products are best suited for your applications.

More information follows in the Solvent Solubility Index on page 18.

Selection

especially useful in food as an instantizer and to help maintain freshness.

Stable, unrefined fluid blends of soybean oil and phospholipids.

developed for soft gelatin capsulation requiring clarity and brilliance.

Maintain a light yellow color when exposed to high temperatures.

Modified and processed low-viscosity fluids that can serve as dispersants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, release agents and stabilizers.

Modified to provide higher levels of choline, widely recognized as a contributor to good health.

12 13

Oil-free powders or granules for enhanced water dispersibility and easier handling.

ALCOLEC® Standard Fluid Grade S • • • • BS • • • • XtRA-A • • •

ALCOLEC® Standard Deoiled Grade Granules F-100 • • • • • • • • • FF-100

ALCOLEC® Encapsulation Grade SGu (unbleached) • •

ALCOLEC® Heat Resistant Phospholipon 80H • • • •

ALCOLEC® Easily Sprayable Aquasperse A • • • • • LV-30 • • • •

ALCOLEC® PC Enriched 40-P • • • Pc35 •

ALCOLEC® Enzyme-Modified em • • • LPc 20 • • • LPC 20H • • • ALCOLEC® — Gums Lexin K • • •

ALCOLEC® — GPC GPc compound • • GPC 85F • • GPc X • • ALCOLEC® — PS PS 20 • • PS 50 • • PS 75 • •

Use levels are usually 0.2% based on finished product weight. If no specific information is available, we recommend starting with 0.5% of finished product and adjust as necessary.

Mixing/ Product Adds Crumb Dough Blending Surface O/W W/O Release Viscosity Wetting Anti- Softgels 2 piece Tablets Lubricity Softener Conditioner Aid Coating Emulsifier Emulsifier Agent Modifier Agent Staling hard caps

Use levels are usually 0.2% based on finished product weight.

If no specific information is available, start with 0.5% of finished

product and adjust as necessary.

A Guide to Applications

Baked Goods

Bread and other yeast-raised products ALCOLEC® EM 0.5-1% based on flour in breads. Shelf life, dough conditioning.

cake ALcoLec® F100 Dry, blendable emulsifier for cake mixes.

Also improves symmetry, grain, texture.

cookies ALcoLec® F100 1-3% based on flour. Improves creaming. Also release benefits in high

sugar batter-type products.

Low fat cookies, crackers, pretzels ALCOLEC® F100 1% based on flour. For machinability. improves sheeting, dough

lubricity, reduces downtime, better dough extrudability.

Pizza crust ALcoLec® F100 0.5-1% based on flour. Controls shrinkage, improves dough handling release.

Waffles, pancakes ALCOLEC® F100 Improves tenderness in no/low fat products. Reduces batter viscosity.

Caramel Corn ALcoLec® LV-30, ALcoLec® F100 ALCOLEC F100 at 0.5-1.0% can be added to the sugar syrup and 5-15% of

ALCOLEC LV30 can be added to the vegetable oil.

Cheese Release ALcoLec® LV-30 Spray on surface to promote easy slice separation in low- and high-

moisture cheese products.

Cheese Sauces ALcoLec® F100 Add into oil at 3-5% based on total fat for smoothness and consistency.

Chewing Gum Lexin K, ALcoLec® F100 0.7-3% in the gum base. enhances product softness and smoothness;

reduces tackiness, controls adhesion.

Chocolate ALcoLec® F100 Use at 0.2-5% level. Reduces viscosity; reduces fat requirement.

Cocoa ALcoLec® F100 Wetting agents for cocoa powders.

Colors ALcoLec® F100 Oil soluble colors made water dispersible.

Cottage Cheese ALcoLec® F100 Enhances curd formation to improve production yields.

Flavors ALcoLec® F100 Oleoresins made water dispersible.

Frostings ALcoLec® F100 Acts in combination with polysorbate to provide excellent emulsification

and air entrapment. Use at 2-4% based on the fat.

Griddle/Wok Oils ALcoLec® LV-30 0.15-0.5% for release.

Granola Bars ALcoLec® F100 Blendable powder; low flavor binding material; high quality dietary fat source.

Application Suggested Products usage instructions & effect

14 15

A Guide to Applications continued

Application Suggested Products usage instructions & effect

Ice Cream Cones ALcoLec® F100 0.5-1% based on flour. Mold release, viscosity control, emulsification.

Infant Formula ALcoLec® EM, LPC 20, E 25 Effective oil-in-water emulsifier for a wide variety of oils. Use at 3-5% of

fat level.

Instantizing ALcoLec® LV30 Control hydration rate of hydrophilic powders. Use at 0.5-1.0%.

ALcoLec® F100 Promote hydration of fatty/hydrophobic powders.

Margarine ALcoLec® Xtra A Enhanced water-in-oil emulsifier. Use at 0.2-0.5% to prevent spattering.

Meat Sauces, Gravies, Canned Meat

Products like Chili ALcoLec® F100 Dry, easy to use powder; blends in quickly at 0.25-0.5%; helps control

unsightly fat separation. Also lowers fat crystallization temperature to

benefit sauce pumpability.

Milk Powders ALcoLec® F100 Excellent wetting of whole milk powders. Use at 0.5-1.0%.

Non-Dairy Creamers ALcoLec® F100 Acts as an emulsifier to replace mono and diglycerides.

Use level 3-5% based on total fat.

Release

oil based ALcoLec® LV-30 Use at 5-15% level. Good solubility in pump and aerosol-type formulations.

Water based ALcoLec® F100 Effective oil-in-water emulsifier for a wide variety of oils. use at 25-30% of

oil/fat level.

Belt release ALCOLEC® Aquasperse A Water dispersible for use as a belt release in continuous cooking

operations. Use at 10-15% level in water.

Heat resistant Phospholipon® 80H For use at high temperature applications at 1% of finished product.

16 17

Solvent Solubility Index for ALCOLEC® LecithinsThis chart gives general information about the solubility of various

ALCOLEC® products in a wide range of solvents.

• Oil-free lecithin includes ALCOLEC® Granules/F-100/ FF-100.

• Fluid lecithin includes ALCOLEC® S and BS.

Selection continued

Oil-Free Fluid

About American Lecithin Company

American Lecithin is a member

of the Lipoid Group of

companies. Lipoid is the global

leader in the manufacture of

the widest range of lecithins

and phospholipids for the food,

nutritional, pharmaceutical and

cosmetic industries.

American Lecithin’s ALcoLec®

products are used in food

processing and a wide range

of industrial applications. For

more than 80 years, American

Lecithin has continually

improved the basic properties

of its lecithins, creating

new products with better

performance in a broad range

of uses. We remain committed

to providing the very best

in quality, consistency and

technical support for our

full range of products, from

standard grade lecithins to

high-tech fractionations.

Visit www.americanlecithin.us

for additional information, or

contact us directly.

Visit the Phospholipid

Research center,

www.phospholipid-institute.com,

for basic scientific questions on

lecithins and phospholipids.

115 Hurley Road, Unit 2B

oxford, ct 06478

Phone: 203.262.7100

Fax: 203.262.7101

Toll-Free: 1.800.364.4416

www.americanlecithin.us

e-mail: customerservice@

americanlecithin.us

For information about lecithins

used in pharmaceuticals and

personal care products, visit

www.lipoid.com.

ALC

18 19

D — Dispersible by use of hot water, slightly alkalized

I — Insoluble

S — Soluble at 10% (w/w) at 25°C

Water D I

Acetone I I

Chlorodifluoromethane S S

Chloroform S S

Diethyl Ether S S

Dimethyl Sulfoxide I I

Ethanol I I

Ethyl Acetate I I

Glycerine I I

Heptanol S S

Hexane S S

lsooctane S S

Isopropyl Ether S S

Kerosene S S

Methanol I I

Methylene Chloride S S

Methyl Ethyl Ketone I I

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone S S

Mineral Spirits S S

Petroleum Ether S S

Propylene Glycol I I

Toluene S S

ALC115 Hurley Road, Unit 2B

oxford, ct 06478

Phone: 203.262.7100

Fax: 203.262.7101

Toll-Free: 1.800.364.4416

www.americanlecithin.us

e-mail: customerservice@americanlecithin.us

Phospholipidsfor NutritionBENEFITS, FUNCTIONALITY AND USES

ALC

About Phospholipids

American Lecithin’s phospholipid products are of high quality, purity

and functionality. They are derived from non-GMO soybeans or are

PCR-negative, and are manufactured to meet strict GMP regulations.

American Lecithin offers a wide range of phospholipid products for use

in nutritional supplements that are formulated for tablets, hard shell

capsules, soft gel capsules and liquid formulations. These include:

Polyenylphosphatidylcholines (PPC):

PhosChol®

PHOSPHOLIPON®

PHOSAL®

Soybean Phosphatidylserines:

ALCOLEC® PS

Glycerophosphocholines:

ALCOLEC® GPC

Delivery systems and compounds:

PhytoSolve® transparent emulsions

SOLUTHIN® MD carrier for tableting

See product details on page 11

2 3

Phospholipids are natural substances that

are essential to life. They are present

in every cell in the body, and maintain

cellular membrane integrity. They also

contribute to the regulation of many

biological pathways, including cellular

communication and synthesis of the

neuro-transmitter acetylcholine.

Due to their importance in many

biological functions, phospholipids

and phospholipid-derived nutritional

supplements have become some of

the fastest-growing products in the

nutritional supplement market.

PhosChol® contains pure polyenylphosphatidylcholine from

soy. This phospholipid is rich in essential linoleic acid (its

polyunsaturated fatty acids containing a high percentage of

Dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine). Studies on the efficacy of

PPC against fibrosis and cirrhosis[1] used PHOSPHOLIPON®

comprised of 94-96% PC, a mixture rich in polyunsaturated

PC (PPC), especially dilinoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DLPC).

In the body, PPC is a precursor for the synthesis of the

neurotransmitter acetylcholine[2].

In many countries, PPC is a successfully marketed product

and is popular for its hepatoprotective benefits. In North

America, American Lecithin offers PPC of the highest purity

from the world’s largest soy phospholipid manufacturing plant

in Germany.

Like other highly unsaturated lipids, PPC is highly susceptible

to oxidation and deterioration. We have developed safe and

gentle technologies for PPC purification and fractionation.

For easy handling, American Lecithin offers solid and liquid

forms of PPC.

Health benefits in scientific literature:

• High efficacy in liver regeneration[1, 2, 5]

• Cholesterol-lowering effect[4, 6]

PhosChol® (Polyenylphosphatidylcholine, PPC)

How PPC Benefits Cell Function

PPC plays a vital role in

all basic biological cellular

processes, such as the flow of

information that occurs within

cells, formation of cellular

energy and intracellular

communications.

PPC, rich in essential fatty

acids such as linoleic acid,

has a marked fluidizing effect

on the cellular membrane.

By increasing cell membrane

fluidity, cellular membrane

breakdown is decreased.

The breakdown of cellular

membranes and impairment

of cellular membrane repair

mechanisms is associated

with liver diseases, cancer,

neurological diseases and

cell death.

Studies indicate that PPC

increases hepatic collagenase

activity and may help

prevent fibrosis and cirrhosis

by encouraging collagen

breakdown[25].

4 5

6 7

Phosphatidylserine is present in all cellular membranes (mainly

in the inner layer), and concentrated in the human brain and

nerves.[5] A variety of structural and regulatory functions in

biological cell activities has been demonstrated for PS.[8] Among

other mechanisms, PS modulates the activity of receptors,

enzymes, ion channels and signaling molecules.[8, 9] ALCOLEC® PS

is soy-derived and runs no risk of contamination with any kind

of prion.[7] ALCOLEC® PS is available in non-GMO grades. Also,

American Lecithin offers highly refined PS grades that do not

contain proteins.

Health benefits in scientific literature:

• Improved exercise capacity [5, 8]

• Increased neurotransmitter release in the brain [10, 11]

• Reversed age-associated nerve cell dendrite loss [10]

• Increased brain glucose level:

— Improved memory [10, 11]

— Shorter reaction time [10-12]

— Better hand-eye coordination [10-12]

— Higher stress resistance [5, 8, 12]

— Mood improvement [10-12]

FDA Qualified health claims for phosphatidylserine (PS):

• Consumption of phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of

dementia in the elderly [23]

• Consumption of phosphatidylserine may reduce the risk of

cognitive dysfunction in the elderly [23]

ALCOLEC® PS (Phosphatidylserine (PS)

α-GPC is a unique phospholipid-derived molecule necessary for healthy

cell function. It is also a nutrient for all body cells [13] and is contained in

breast milk.[14] The tiny α-GPC molecule contains no fatty acids and easily

passes the blood-brain barrier.[15] This hydrophilic molecule blends clearly

into liquid formulations as it forms stable unimolecular solutions in

aqueous systems.

Nattermann Phospholipid GmbH launched alpha-GPC in the early 1980s.

In Italy, a pharmaceutical version has been launched as Gliatilin®, aka

choline alfoscerate. Pharmaceutical α-GPC is often prescribed during the

early stages of dementia, and has become popular in many countries.

American Lecithin sponsored a 2010 study that evaluated ALCOLEC® GPC

efficacy in protecting cognitive brain function after heart surgery.[20]

ALCOLEC® GPC has been explored as a protective nutrient in a patient

pool of 20 people who received the surgery under general anesthesia.

ALCOLEC® GPC (1200mg) was administered in soft gelatin capsules

twice a day for 14 days (one week prior to, and a week after, surgery).

Post-operative cognitive function was assessed using the psychometric

mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Benton visual retention

test (BVRT). After administration for just two weeks, this initial study

concluded that α-GPC has possibilities to prevent and lower risk of

postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

ALCOLEC® GPC is manufactured to outstanding quality standards. Due

to its deep vertical integration, in-house production starts with crude

lecithin.This unique control of a multi-step process provides extremely

high purity and no contamination with foreign material, as only the very

safest solvents are used. American Lecithin’s special grades reduce the

hygroscopicity of the molecule.

Health benefits in scientific literature:

• Plays a vital role in tissue growth and renewal, organ vitality,

reproduction, and mind-body integration[16]

• Significantly benefits attention, mental focus, recall and cognition[17]

• Offers benefits to defend memory decline caused by poor brain

circulation or Alzheimer’s disease[17]

• Valuable for brain recovery after stroke or circulatory injury [18]

• Can revitalize master hormone functions [19]

α-GPC (Alpha-Glycerophosphocholine)

9

The proprietary PhytoSolve® technology

delivers lipophilic-active nutritional

ingredients in a naturally clear system

with proven enhanced bioavailability

properties.[21] PhytoSolve® is patent

pending in the U.S.[22] Under this

patent, the PhytoSolve® delivery system

capitalizes on the natural emulsification

properties of phosphatidylcholine (PC).

PhytoSolve® is used in nutritional supplement applications

for delivery of lipophilic active ingredients such as fat-

soluble vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids (i.e., docosahexaeonic

acid), coenzyme Q10, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and

lutein, into soft gel capsules and liquid formulations.

In microbiological challenge tests, PhytoSolve® proved

self-preserving. All ingredients used in the PhytoSolve®

technology are natural, GRAS, non-GMO, vegan, and without

synthetic surfactants or preservatives.

Benefits:

• Based only on natural, non-GMO raw materials

• Transparent emulsion

• Free of synthetic surfactants

• Self-emulsifying system

• Preservative free

• Enhanced bioavailability (up to ten-fold depending on the

active ingredient) [21]

• Pleasant taste

PhytoSolve® (Phospholipid-based Delivery System)

The PhytoSolve® technology has been shown to increase the bioavailability of lipophilic active ingredients as nutritional supplements. The bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin E[21] increased when consumed in a PhytoSolve® delivery system vs. a hard gelatin capsule containing the pure material used as reference standard.

Twenty-four volunteers (12 men and 12 women) were randomly assigned into two treatment groups. One group received

PhytoSolve® with CoQ10 and Vitamin E, the other group received the pure reference products CoQ10 and Vitamin E in capsules. Both groups received the same oral dose of each test nutrient: 100 mg of CoQ10 and 120 mg of tocopherol (Vitamin E) equivalents.

The test subjects received their respective products and their blood levels were monitored over a 14 hour period. The test samples were administered after an overnight fast. Blood levels of CoQ10 and Vitamin E were evaluated at time zero (just prior to administration of test samples) and hourly for 14 hours. Standardized meals and snacks were administered periodically post-dosing.

CoQ10 levels peaked in the pure material group at six hours and returned to near baseline levels at the end of the 14 hour test period. In contrast, the group consuming the CoQ10 in the PhytoSolve® delivery system showed a two-peak pattern. The first occurred at three hours followed by a second peak at six hours. At the end of the 14 hour period, blood levels of CoQ10 remained significantly above the baseline level. During the test period, the subjects who received the CoQ10

containing PhytoSolve® showed significantly higher CoQ10 blood levels. The data indicates that there is a fourfold increase in bioavailability (area-under-the- curve, AUC) when CoQ10 is delivered in a PhytoSolve® delivery system.

For Vitamin E, the results are even better. The data indicates that there is a 10-fold increase in bioavailability (AUC) when Vitamin E is delivered in a PhytoSolve® delivery system.

The PhytoSolve® delivery systems were well tolerated by the volunteers and offer an alternative to traditional delivery methods for nutritional ingredients with an increase in bioavailability.

8

Products for Nutritional Applications

10 11

Polyenylphosphatidylcholines • PhosChol® Nutritional supplement

• PHOSPHOLIPON 90 G/NG® >90% PC, granulated

• PHOSAL 75 SA® 75% PC, liquid in safflower oil

• PHOSAL 53 MCT® 53% PC, liquid in medium-chain triglycerides

• PHOSAL 50 SA® 50% PC, in safflower oil

Soybean Phosphatidylserines• ALCOLEC® PS 20 F 20% PS, liquid

• ALCOLEC® PS 20 P 20% PS, powder

• ALCOLEC® PS 40 P 40% PS, powder

• ALCOLEC® PS 50 P 50% PS, powder

• ALCOLEC® PS 70 P 70% PS, powder

Glycerophosphocholines • ALCOLEC® GPC COMPOUND 50% GPC, fine granules

• ALCOLEC® GPC X Pure GPC, powder

• PHOSAL® GPC 85 85% GPC, viscous aqueous concentrate

Delivery Systems and Compounds based on Soybean Phospholipids • PhytoSolve® Class of hydrophilic, customized transparent

emulsions consisting of polyols,phospholipids

and active lipophilic components

• SOLUTHIN® MD PC on maltodextrin carrier for tabletting

Phosphatidylcholine is widely used for improved

bioavailability of oral formulations[24]. The SOLUTHIN®

MD technology incorporates American Lecithin’s high-

quality phosphatidylcholine (PC) ingredients plated onto a

maltodextrin carrier for use in delivery systems for nutritional

supplement applications.

This technology is used to deliver solid nutritional supplement

formulations in the form of granules, pellets, tablets

and extrudates. The SOLUTHIN® MD technology delivers

unsaturated phosphatidylcholine in a powdered form that

is compressible for chewable tablets, easily blendable for

tabletting and free-flowing for use in hard gel capsules.

Benefits:

• Enables solid formulations of unsaturated PC

• All natural and GRAS ingredients

• Easily dispersible in water

SOLUTHIN® MD (Phosphatidylcholine in Tablets)

From left: SOLUTHIN® MD is easily compressed into tablets, and is easily

dispersed in water; PhytoSolve® with coenzyme Q10, PhytoSolve® with

vitamin E, and PHOSPHOLIPON® 90G.

Common Applications and Typical Properties

12 13

Hard Capsules • ALCOLEC® PS grades Brain function, cognitive capacity, memory

(Gelatine & HPMC) • ALCOLEC® GPC Compound, GPC X Choline source, nervous system, brain function

• SOLUTHIN® MD Powder form of unsaturated PC for solid delivery systems

• PhytoSolve® (HPMC) Solubility enhancer, bioavailability enhancer

• PHOSAL® 75 SA Solubility enhancer, good compatibility with capsule material

Soft Gelatin Capsules • ALCOLEC® GPC 85 Choline source, nervous system, brain function

• PHOSAL® grades Solubility enhancer, bioavailability enhancer

Powder Compounds • ALCOLEC® PS grades Brain function, cognitive capacity, memory

and • ALCOLEC® GPC X Choline source, nervous system, brain function

Granulates • SOLUTHIN® MD Powder form of unsaturated PC, easily dispersible in water

Energy Bars • ALCOLEC® PS grades High levels of phosphatidylserine, widely recognized as a contributor to

good health

• ALCOLEC® GPC X Choline source, nervous system, brain function

High Caloric Sports Gels • PhytoSolve® Higher caloric value than current sports gels

Dairy Products • PhytoSolve® Enrichment of e.g. yoghurt with nutrients, such as Omega-3

triglycerides, Lutein, CLA; improved bioavailability

Drinks • ALCOLEC® GPC 85 Water soluble choline source, brain function, mental performance

• PhytoSolve® Solubilization of lipophilic actives (e.g. Omega-3 triglycerides, CoQ10,

Vitamin E, Lutein, CLA)

Tablets • SOLUTHIN® MD Powder form of unsaturated PC, for solid drug delivery systems

• ALCOLEC® PS grades Brain function, cognitive capacity, memory

• ALCOLEC® GPC Compound, GPC X Choline source, nervous system, brain function

These suggestions and information on application technology have been compiled to the best of our knowledge and belief on the basis of data, publications and regulations currently available, including those in the field of patent legislation. We cannot, however, accept any liability. We explicitly draw attention to the fact that every manufacturer is responsible for compliance with all statutory regulations, including those in the field of patent legislation.

Notes:

15

[1] Charles S. Lieber, Alcoholic liver disease: new insights in pathogenesis lead to new treatments; Journal of Hepatology 2000; 32 (suppl1.):113-128, also: Lieber CS, Robins SJ, Li J, DeCarli, Mak KM, Fasulo JM, et al. Phosphatidylcholine protects against fibrosis and cirrhosis in the baboon. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 152-9.

[2] Buchman, A.L. et al, Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients, Gastroenterology 1992,102,1363-1370.

[3] Buchman, A.L. et al The Effect of Lecithin Supplementation on Plasma Choline Concentrations During a Marathon, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 6, 768–770 (2000).

[4] Wojcicki J. et al., “Clinical evaluation of lecithin as lipid-lowering agent”, Phytother. Res., 1995, 9(8):597-599.

[5] Jäger R. et al., Phospholipids and sports performance.”, J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr., 2007, 4:5.[6] Margreet R. Olthof et al , Effect of Homocysteine-Lowering Nutrients on Blood Lipids:

Results from Four Randomised,Placebo-Controlled Studies in Healthy Humans, PLoS Medicine, May 2005, Vol 2, 5: 135.

[7] Jorissen B.L. et al., “Safety of soy-derived phosphatidylserine in elderly people.” Nutr. Neurosci., 2002, 5:337-343.

[8] Starks M.A. et al., “The effects of phosphatidylserine on endocrine response to moderate intensity exercise.”, J. Int. Soc. Sports. Nutr., 2008, 5:11.

[9] Finkielstein C. et al., “Cell migration and signaling specificity is determined by the PS recognition motif of rac1”, J. Biol. Chem., 2006, 281(37): 27317.

[10] Jorissen, B.L. et al., “The influence of soy-derived PS on cognition in ageassociated memory impairment.”, Nutr. Neurosci., 2001, 4(2):121-134.

[11] Schreiber S. et al., “An open trial of plant-source derived PS for treatment of age-related cognitive decline.”, Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci., 2000, 37(4):302-7.

[12] Jäger R. et al., “The effect of phosphatidylserine on golf performance.” J. Int.Soc. Sports. Nutr., 2007, 4:23.

[13] Pauling L., “Orthomolecular Psychiatry”, Science, 1968, 160:265-271.[14] Holmes-McNary M.Q. et al., Choline and choline esters in human and rat milk and in infant

formulas.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1996, 64:572-576.[15] Parnetti, L.et al. “Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of

vascular origin: Ineffective approaches or need for reevaluation?”, J. Neurol. Sci., 2007; 257(1), 264-269.

[16] Wirthensohn G. et al, “Role and regulation of glycerophosphorylcholine in rat renal papilla [human data included].”, Pfluegers Arch., 1987, 409:411–415.

[17] Parnetti, L.et al., “Choline alfocerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: An analysis of published and clinical data.”, Mechs. Ageing Dev. 2001, 22:2041-2055.

[18] Barbagallo S. G. et al., “Alpha-glycerophosphocholine in the mental recovery of cerebral ischemic attacks: An Italian multicenter clinical trial.” Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 1994, 717:253-269.

[19] Ceda G. et al., “α-GPC administration increases the GH responses to GHRH of young and elderly subjects.”, Horm Metabolic Res., 1991, 24:119-21.

[20] Yamamoto Y., Watanabe G. et al., Division of Cardiac Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan, 2010:” Protective Cognitive Brain Function After Heart Surgery: Treatment with the Nutritive α-GPC”.

[21] Wajda R. et al., “Increase of bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin E.”, J. Med. Food, 2007, 10 (4):731-734.

[22] U.S. Patent Application, 20060159633, Emulsive Water-Soluble Concentrates.[23] Agreement, Mutual. “Phosphatidylserine and Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia

(Qualified Health Claim: Final Decision Letter).” U S Food and Drug Administration Home Page. 13 May 2003. Web. 02 Aug. 2010. http://www.fda. gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForWomen/FreePublications/ucm072999.htm.

[24] Fricker, G. et al., “Phospholipids and lipid-based formulations in oral drug delivery.” Pharm Res. 2010 Aug; 27(8):1469-86. Epub 2010 Apr 22.

[25] Hendler, Sheldon Saul, and David M. Rorvik “Phosphatidylcholine”. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. 2nd ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson Reuters, 2008; 489-491.

New FDA regulations have changed the industry. By law, all nutritional

supplement manufacturers must be GMP compliant, effective June

2010. Many are challenged to implement these complex rules.

American Lecithin, a supplier of GMP ingredients that are certified

under the ICH Q7A pharmaceutical guideline, can help its customers on

the sourcing side meet the GMP challenge. Working with a GMP-certified

supplier of raw materials has distinct advantages for the manufacturer

of nutritional supplements:

• Assurance that the raw material purchased is Safe, Pure and Effective.

• “Dock to Stock” convenience. Quality materials from a certified

supplier can go directly into manufacturing stock without lengthy

incoming quality control hold.

• “Lot-to-lot” raw material traceability.

This allows for:

• Reduced analytical expenses.

• Efficient incoming materials release for lower inventory costs.

• Effortless supplier qualification without comprehensive questionnaires.

• A strong quality profile during GMP audits.

About American Lecithin Company

For more than 80 years, American

Lecithin has continually improved

the basic properties of its

lecithins, creating new products

with better performance in a

broad range of uses. We are

committed to providing the

very best in quality, consistency and technical support for our full range

of products, from standard grade lecithins to high-tech fractions.

American Lecithin’s ALCOLEC®, PHOSAL®, PHOSPHOLIPON®, SOLUTHIN®

and PhytoSolve® products are used in a wide variety of nutritional

supplements both as active nutritional ingredients and excipients.

Visit www.americanlecithin.us for additional information, or contact

us directly.

Visit the Phospholipid Research Center, www.phospholipid-institute.com

for basic scientific questions on lecithins and phospholipids.

14

ALC

ALC115 Hurley Road, Unit 2B

Oxford, CT 06478

Phone: 203.262.7100

Fax: 203.262.7101

Toll-Free: 1.800.364.4416

www.americanlecithin.us

e-mail: customerservice@americanlecithin.us

TECHNICAL DATA

115 HURLEY ROAD, UNIT 2B OXFORD, CT 06478 (203) 262-7100 (203) 262-7101 FAX

Phospholipids in Sports Nutrition

A well balanced diet including proper hydration and protein to rebuild muscle following exercise has long been the focus for Sports Nutrition. Recent studies are indicating that Phospholipids and Phospholipid derived nutrients are also important for improving athletic performance and endurance. What are Phospholipids? Phospholipids are natural substances that are essential to life. They are necessary structural components of the lipid bi-layer that composes all cell membranes in the body. In addition to their functionality as structural molecules they also act as dynamic, functionally important components of cells.1 Phospholipids help to regulate many biological pathways including cellular communication, formation of cellular energy and the synthesis of the neuro-transmitter, Acetylcholine. Phospholipids and their Role in Sports Nutrition From a nutritional standpoint, phospholipids and phospholipid derived nutrients may play a beneficial role in improving athletic performance and may possibly show an ergogenic effect. Two important phospholipid nutrients that play such a roll are Phosphatidylserine (PS) and α-Glycerophosphocholine (GPC). Phosphatidylserine (PS) Overtraining is a common hazard of competitive sports. Consequences of overtraining are decreased performance, injury, depressed immunity and psychological depression. The early stages of over- training include muscle soreness, sub maximal exercise heart rate, increase in cortisol levels and decrease in testosterone levels. The body usually recovers in a few days. Chronic overtraining can cause a disturbance between the anabolic hormone, testosterone and the catabolic hormone, Cortisol.2

Sports Nutrition Health Benefits of PS cited in Scientific Literature

Supplementation with PS has been shown to be effective in combating not only exercise-induced

stress, but also mental stress.3

Might speed up recovery2

Might possess ergogenic properties2

Reported to suppress Cortisol3

Increased rate of glucose transport into muscle cells enhancing the recovery of muscle glycogen

following strenuous exercise2

α- Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) GPC is a phospholipid derived nutrient that naturally exists in the human body and is necessary for healthy cell function. This tiny molecule easily passes the blood brain barrier and serves as a choline reservoir for Acetylcholine synthesis. Acetylcholine is an important neuro-transmitter present in both brain and muscle tissue. In the brain it plays a key role in cognitive functioning, while in muscle fibers, it is the major neuro-transmitter involved in muscle contraction.

TECHNICAL DATA

115 HURLEY ROAD, UNIT 2B OXFORD, CT 06478 (203) 262-7100 (203) 262-7101 FAX

Sports Nutrition Health Benefits of GPC cited in Scientific Literature Significantly benefits attention and mental focus4

Can revitalize master hormone function5

Positive adaptations of resistance training are thought to be mediated by exercise induced

increases in Growth Hormone6

More bio-available and effective source for choline supplementation than inorganic choline

salts7

American Lecithin offers a range of Phosphatidylserine and α-Glycerophosphocholine products that are high in quality, purity and functionality.

Phosphatidylserine Description Glycerophosphocholine Description ALCOLEC® PS 20 P 20% PS, powder ALCOLEC® GPC Compound 50% GPC, fine granules ALCOLEC® PS 50 P 50% PS, powder ALCOLEC® GPC X 90% GPC, fine granules ALCOLEC® PS 70 P 70% PS, powder ALCOLEC® α-GPC 98% GPC, fine granules

PHOSAL® GPC 85 85% GPC, liquid

References: 1 Hanahan DJ, Nelson DR: Phospholipids as dynamic participants in biological processes. J Lipid Res 1984, 25:1528-1535.

2 Jäger, R., et al., Phospholipids and Sports Performance, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2007, 4: 5.

3Starks M.A. et al., The Effects of Phosphatidylserine on endocrine response to moderate intensity exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2008, 5: 11.

4 Parnetti, L. et al., Choline alfoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data. Mechanisms of ageing and development, 2001, 122: 2041-2055

5 Ceda G et al., α-GPC administration increases the GH responses to GHRH of young and elderly

subjects, Horm Metabolic Res., 1991, 24: 119-21.

6 Ziegenfuss, T., et al., Acute supplementation with alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine augments growth hormone response to, and peak force production during, resistance exercise Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2008, 5 (Suppl I):P15

7 Hoffmann, J.R., et al., The effects of acute and prolonged CRAM supplementation on reaction time and subjective measures of focus and alertness in healthy college students. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2010, 7:39

Revised August 2014