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8/7/2019 Lec12-1-Slides-Power Consumption in Servers_CS697GC_Fall2009-V02
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1
The Problem of Power Consumption in
Servers
L. Minas and B. Ellison
Intel-Lab
In Dr. Dobbs Journal, May 2009Prepared and presented by Yan Cai
Fall 2009 Green Computing
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Motivation
Server energy consumption has increased from 50w to 250w since2000
Energy cost will exceed the server cost if this trend does not change
2
Source: IDC, Scaramella 2006
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Outline
Motivation Where heat comes from
How cooling is achieved
How power is consumed
Conclusions
3
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Where heat comes from
Server form factor
Server power consumption is affected by server form factor,
including the individual configuration,
the heat and thermal environment
the workload being processed
4
Server form factor
Pedestal servers
2U rack servers
1U rack servers
Blade servers
1U
Pedestal2U
Blade
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Where heat comes from
The amount of heat, (Q), generated by an integrated circuit is afunction of
The efficiency of the components' design (e)
The technology used in its manufacturing process (t)
The frequency and voltage at which it operates (f,v)
Over-clocking also generates a great amount of heat
5
),,,( vfteFQ !
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Outline
Motivation Where heat comes from
How cooling is achieved
How power is consumed
Conclusions
6
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How cooling is achieved
Two common methods Heat sinks
Fans
7
Natural convection heat sink (Source: Wikipedia, 2008)
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Outline
Motivation Where heat comes from
How cooling is achieved
How power is consumed
Conclusions
8
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How power is consumed
Servers Cost # of Processors
Volume $25,000 1 ~ 2
Mid-range $25,000 ~ $499,999 2 ~ 4
High-end $500,000 8
9
Estimated Average Power Use (W) per Server, by Server Class, 2000 to2006 (Source: Koomey J 2007b Estimating Total Power Consumption byServers in the US and the World. Oakland, CA: Analytics Press)
Estimated Average Power Use (W) per Server
Google container Data Centerhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zRwPSFpLX8I
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Total power consumption
Power consumption of a Quadcore Intel Xeon server
10
Server Power Consumption (Source: Intel Labs, 2008)
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Total power consumption (contd)
Power consumption of components
11
Components Power consumption
Multi-core CPU 45 ~ 200 w
DIMM 5 ~ 21 w
Power supply efficiency loss Similar with memory p.s.
2 PCI Slots 50 w
2 ~ 4 Hard drives 24 ~ 48 w
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Total power consumption (contd)
Total power consumption
Estimation of power consumption
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CPU Utilization and Power Consumption (Source: Blackburn 2008)
minminmax
100)( P
nPPP
nv!
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Memory power consumption
The memory demand is growing in the future, because More processors on chip,
Increasing use of virtualization,
More memory intensive search applications (Google and Facebook)
The memory power consumption is growing in the future The more the memories, the larger the power consumption
The faster the memories, the larger the power consumption
13
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Memory power consumption (contd)
Memory Power Comparison
14
RDIMM Memory Power Comparison (Source: Intel Platform MemoryOperation, 2007)
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Memory power consumption (contd)
Power consumption by vendors and configurations
15
RDIMM Power Consumption by Vendor and Configuration (Sources:
Publicly-available datasheets from each vendor, 2008)
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Memory power consumption (contd)
64GB system power consumption
16
Future DIMM Power Consumption by Frequency, Configuration, andCapacity (Source: Intel Platform Memory Operation, 2008)
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Memory power consumption (contd)
How to reduce memory energy consumption By doing thermal analysis, embedding thermal sensors and throttling
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1U Server Architecture (Source: Intel Labs, 2006)
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Memory power consumption (contd)
Memory throttling mechanisms Closed loop thermal throttling (CLTT)
Closed loop, rely on thermal sensors
Open loop throughput throttling (OLTT)
Open loop, work based on bandwidth count
Memory throttling degrades performance
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Power supply efficiency loss
Power supply efficiency vs. utilization level
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Server Power Supply Efficiency Test Report (Source: Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, 2004)
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Storage power consumption
Average hard disk power consumption for average operations
Average hard disk power consumption for IO intensive operations
20
)Pr()Pr(Pr readPwritePidlePPreadwriteidleaverage !
5
4)(readseekwrite
constant
PPPP
!
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Conclusions
High-end servers consume more power, but might be less efficientin terms of power consumption
At present, CPU still consumes the most power, compared to othercomponents
In the future, memory can consume more power than CPU
Considering a significant amount of power loss, the efficiency ofpower supplies is also very important
The power consumption by hard drives is closely related to theworkload the server is processing
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