Lec07 Karnaugh Maps

7/31/2019 Lec07 Karnaugh Maps

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Based on slides by:Charles Kime & Thomas Kaminski

2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

ECE/CS 352: Digital System Fundamentals

Lecture 7 Karnaugh Maps


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Chapter 2 2

Outline

Circuit Optimization Literal cost Gate input cost

Two-Variable Karnaugh Maps

Three-Variable Karnaugh Maps


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Chapter 2 3

Circuit Optimization

Goal: To obtain the simplestimplementation for a given functionOptimization is a more formal approachto simplification that is performed usinga specific procedure or algorithmOptimization requires a cost criterion tomeasure the simplicity of a circuit

Two distinct cost criteria we will use: Literal cost (L) Gate input cost (G) Gate input cost with NOTs (GN)


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Chapter 2 4

D

Literal a variable or its complementLiteral cost the number of literalappearances in a Boolean expression

corresponding to the logic circuitdiagramExamples:

F = BD + A C + A F = BD + A C + A + AB F = (A + B)(A + D)(B + C + )( + + D) Which solution is best?

Literal Cost

DB CB B D C

B C

L=8

L=11L=10


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Gate Input Cost

Gate input costs - the number of inputs to the gates in theimplementation corresponding exactly to the given equationor equations. (G - inverters not counted, GN - inverters counted)For SOP and POS equations, it can be found from theequation(s) by finding the sum of: all literal appearances the number of terms excluding terms consisting only of a single

literal,(G) and optionally, the number of distinct complemented single literals (GN).

Example: F = BD + A C + A F = BD + A C + A + AB F = (A + )(A + D)(B + C + )( + + D) Which solution is best?

DB CB B D C

B D B C

G=11,GN=14G=15,GN=18

G=14,GN=17


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Chapter 2 6

Example 1:F = A + B C +

Cost Criteria (continued)

A

BC

F

B C L = 5

L (literal count) counts the AND inputs and the singleliteral OR input.

G = L + 2 = 7

G (gate input count) adds the remaining OR gate inputs

GN = G + 2 = 9

GN(gate input count with NOTs) adds the inverter inputs


7/26Chapter 2 7

Example 2:F = A B C +L = 6 G = 8 GN = 11F = (A + )( + C)( + B)L = 6 G = 9 GN = 12Same function and sameliteral cost

But first circuit has bettergate input count and bettergate input count with NOTsSelect it!

Cost Criteria (continued)

B C

A

ABC

F

C B

F

AB

C

A


8/26Chapter 2 8

Why Use Gate Input Counts?

CMOS logic gates:

Each input adds:P-type transistor to pull-up networkN-type transistor to pull-down network

F

+V

X

Y

+V

X

+V

X

Y

(a) NOR

G = X + Y

(b) NAND (c) NOT

X . Y

X


9/26Chapter 2 9

Boolean Function Optimization

Minimizing the gate inputs reduces circuit cost.Some important questions: When do we stop trying to reduce the cost? Do we know when we have a minimum cost?

Two-level SOP & POS optimum or near-optimumfunctionsKarnaugh maps (K-maps) Graphical technique useful for up to 5 inputs


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Two Variable K-Maps

A 2-variable Karnaugh Map:

Similar to Gray Code Adjacent minterms differ by one variable

y = 0 y = 1

x = 0m 0 = m 1 =

x = 1 m 2 = m 3 =

yx yx

yx yx


11/26Chapter 2 11

K-Map and Truth Tables

The K-Map is just a different form of the truth table.Example Two variable function: We choose a,b,c and d from the set {0,1} to

implement a particular function, F(x,y).

Function Table K-MapInput

Values(x,y)

FunctionValueF(x,y)

0 0 a0 1 b1 0 c1 1 d

y = 0 y = 1

x = 0 a bx = 1 c d


12/26Chapter 2 12

Karnaugh Maps (K-map)

A K-map is a collection of squares Each square represents a minterm The collection of squares is a graphical representation

of a Boolean function

Adjacent squares differ in the value of one variable Alternative algebraic expressions for the same functionare derived by recognizing patterns of squares

The K-map can be viewed as

A reorganized version of the truth table


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Some Uses of K-Maps

Finding optimum or near optimum SOP and POS standard forms, and two-level AND/OR and OR/AND circuit

implementations

for functions with small numbers of variablesDemonstrate concepts used by computer-aided design programs to simplify largecircuits


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K-Map Function Representation

Example: F(x,y) = x

For function F(x,y), the two adjacent cellscontaining 1s can be combined using theMinimization Theorem:

F = x y = 0 y = 1x = 0 0 0

x = 1 1 1

xyxyx)y,x(F


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K-Map Function Representation

Example: G(x,y) = x + y

For G(x,y), two pairs of adjacent cells containing1s can be combined using the Minimization

Theorem:

G = x+y y = 0 y = 1

x = 0 0 1

x = 1 1 1

yxyxxyyxyx)y,x(G Duplicate x y


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Three Variable Maps

A three-variable K-map:

Where each minterm corresponds to the productterms:

Note that if the binary value for an index differs in onebit position, the minterms are adjacent on the K-Map

yz=00 yz=01 yz=11 yz=10

x=0 m 0 m 1 m 3 m 2

x=1 m 4 m 5 m 7 m 6

yz=00 yz=01 yz=11 yz=10

x=0

x=1

zyx zyx zyx zyx

zyx zyx zyx zyx


17/26Chapter 2 17

Alternative Map Labeling

Map use largely involves: Entering values into the map, and Reading off product terms from the

map.

Alternate labelings are useful:y

z

x

10 2

4

3

5 67

xy

zz

y y z

z

10 2

4

3

5 67

x

0

1

00 01 11 10

x


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Example Functions

By convention, we represent the minterms of F by a "1"in the map and leave the minterms of blank Example:

Example:

Learn the locations of the 8indices based on the variableorder shown (x, most significantand z, least significant) on themap boundaries

y

x

10 2

4

3

5 67

1

111

z

x

y10 2

4

3

5 671 111

z

(2,3,4,5)z)y,F(x, m

(3,4,6,7)c)b,G(a, m

F


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Combining Squares

By combining squares, we reduce number of literals in a product term, reducing the literal cost,thereby reducing the other two cost criteria

On a 3-variable K-Map: One square represents a minterm with three

variables Two adjacent squares represent a product term

with two variables

Four adjacent terms represent a product termwith one variable

Eight adjacent terms is the function of all ones (novariables) = 1.


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Example: Combining Squares

Example: Let

Applying the Minimization Theorem threetimes:

Thus the four terms that form a 2 2 squarecorrespond to the term "y".

yzyyz

zyxzyxzyxzyx)z,y,x(F

x

y10 24

3

5 671 1

11

z

m(2,3,6,7)F


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Three-Variable Maps

Reduced literal product terms for SOP standardforms correspond to rectangles on K-mapscontaining cell counts that are powers of 2.

Rectangles of 2 cells represent 2 adjacentminterms; of 4 cells represent 4 minterms thatform a pairwise adjacent ring. Rectangles can contain non-adjacent cells due to

wrap-around at edges


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Chapter 2 22

Three-Variable Maps

Topological warp of 3-variable K-mapsthat shows all adjacencies:


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Chapter 2 23

Three-Variable Maps

Example Shapes of 2-cell Rectangles:y0 1 3 2

5 64 7x

z

XY

YZ

XZ


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Chapter 2 24

Three-Variable Maps

Example Shapes of 4-cell Rectangles:

Read off the product terms for therectangles shown

y0 1 3 2

5 64 7x

z

Y

Z

Z


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Chapter 2 25

Three Variable Maps

z)y,F(x,

y

1 1

x

z

1 1

1

z

z

yx

yx

K-Maps can be used to simplify Boolean functions bysystematic methods. Terms are selected to cover the1sin the map.

Example: Simplify )(1,2,3,5,7z)y,F(x, m


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Summary

Circuit Optimization Literal cost Gate input cost

Two-Variable Karnaugh Maps

Three-Variable Karnaugh Maps

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Lec07 Karnaugh Maps