Upload
arafatasghar
View
220
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
1/24
Lecture 3-4 : Introduction to Computer
Dr. Nasir M Mirza
Numerical Methods
Email: [email protected]
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
2/24
Computers
Brief History of ComputersBrief History of ChipTypes of ComputersComputer Hardware
Computer Software
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
3/24
Oldest Computers
Figure : Jacquards loom
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
4/24
First Type: The Mark I computer
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
5/24
Pascal Computer
Many contributions to mathematics A primitive adder, like an odomoter, called the Pascaline
Economics limited its appeal (too expensive)
http://lecture.eingang.org/pascal.html
http://lecture.eingang.org/pascal.htmlhttp://lecture.eingang.org/pascal.html7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
6/24
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
1666 as Dissertatio de arte combinatoria (Dissertation on thecombinatorial art) (Mozart/Dice Games)
http://www.worldvillage.com/jchuang/Music/Dice/dice.cgi Machine below: business success; add, subtract, mult, divide. There
was a primitive language for programming this device (settingwheel positions) http://www-gap.dcs.st-
and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.html
http://www.worldvillage.com/jchuang/Music/Dice/dice.cgihttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www.worldvillage.com/jchuang/Music/Dice/dice.cgi7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
7/24
Charles Babbages Machine He Designed a machine (Difference
Engine) capable of performing acalculation many times over (usefulfor limits, logs, etc)
Steam Powered; only capable of performing one type of operationwithout changing the gears on themachine
Analytical Engine A generic machine(never built) that was capable of reading instructions from punchedcards.
This is the basis of the modern instruction set/execution architecture.
Ada Lovelace is credited withdesigning the language for theanalytical engine.
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
8/24
Hardware & Softwareof a Computer
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
9/24
In the Beginning ...
The first devices to be used were vacumn tubes They had two states They were hot and required lots of air conditioning They were fairly big and needed lots of wiring
They burnt out often
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
10/24
Getting Smaller ...
Next came transisters They had two states They produced far less heat They were smaller and therefore needed less
wiring Less wiring meant shorter distances for
electrons to travel and thus faster computers
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
11/24
Smaller Yet ...
Today, we use integrated circuits, which combinetransisters and other components into photographicallymicrotized circuits
They are essentially cool
They need very little wiring and therefore are evenfaster
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
12/24
Microprocessors
Each modern Computer has
Microprocessor or sets of microprocessors
So, we have now chip making technologies.
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
13/24
How a Computer Chip is Made!
Microchip is the brain of themodern computers.Following steps aretaken to make a chip.
Preparation of a design
Large scale
printout of entire chip for designer team
Close-up of apart of onechipcomponent.
Photo masks
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
14/24
How a Computer Chip is Made!
Manufacturing the chip
Close-up viewof wafer showing manychips
Silicon Wafersin etchingbaths
A wafer withhundreds of chips
Close-up viewof wafer showing asingle chip
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
15/24
How a Computer Chip is Made!
3. Testing the chip A probmachinemeasuringelectrical
conductivity
Yield analysis being done A diamondsaw cuttingwafer intosingle chips
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
16/24
How a Computer Chip is Made!
3. Packaging the chip A wire-bondingdevice wiresthe pads of
the chip
Dual in-linepackagewith tworows of legs
A dualand twosquarepackages
Squarepin-grid
arraypackage
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
17/24
What is a computer A computer is an used to process data, converting the data into useful
information that is useful to user. A computer can convert data into information that is meaningful to people
What is the difference between data and information ? Data
Raw facts stored in computer e.g. A banks computer accounts datasuch as account number, amount etc..
Information Processed data is called information or the data that serves specific
purpose Example: Number of accounts in a bank Example: Number of transactions on a specific day
Components of a Computer A complete computer system includes four distinct parts
Hardware Software Data
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
18/24
A Basic Computer
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
19/24
A Basic Computer
CPU
Central Processing Unit - where data is processed
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
20/24
A Basic Computer
CPU
ROM
Read Only Memory - Manufacturer supplied data andinstructions
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
21/24
A Basic Computer
CPU
ROM RAM
Random Access Memory - User supplied data andinstructions
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
22/24
A Basic Computer
CPU
ROM RAM
Allows user to supply data to CPU directly
InputDevice
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
23/24
A Basic Computer
CPU
ROM RAM
Allows CPU to send data to user directly
InputDevice
OutputDevice
7/27/2019 Lec 3-4 part A
24/24
A Basic Computer
CPU
ROM RAM
Semi-permanent storage - device and medium
InputDevice
OutputDevice
SecondaryStorage