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Anatomy, Structure and Function
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Anatomy, Structure and Function
https://ag.purdue.edu/agry/Documents/Ejeta-Food-Security-Journal.pdf For a history:
UC
Berkeley
Davis Riverside
Iowa State University (IA) Purdue (IN) Cornell (NY) MIT (MA)
College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Mission: research relevant to CA Department of Plant Sciences
College of Biological Sciences Mission: basic research Department of Plant Biology
Why did my car window fog up this morning?
• Outside was 13oC (56F) • Inside was 25oC • Droplets form on the inside of
the window • What was the humidity inside
the car?
ftp://ftp.licor.com/perm/env/LI-610/Manual/610card.pdf
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Wat
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apor
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Pa)
Air temperature (oC)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Relative humidty
Water vapor pressure and dewpoint estimation at sea-level:1) Saturated vapor pressure -where air temperature meets 100%RH curve 2) Water vapor pressure - find intersection of air temperature line and and RH curve, read vapor pressure off y-axis 3) Dewpoint temperature -calculate vapor pressure as in (2) find intersection with 100%RH curve.
A good reference:
Why did my car window fog up this morning?
• Outside was 13oC (56F) • Inside was 25oC • Droplets form on the inside of the
window • What was the humidity inside the car?
• Step 1: Draw/write what you know
ftp://ftp.licor.com/perm/env/LI-610/Manual/610card.pdf
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Wat
er v
apor
pre
ssur
e (k
Pa)
Air temperature (oC)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Relative humidty
Water vapor pressure and dewpoint estimation at sea-level:1) Saturated vapor pressure -where air temperature meets 100%RH curve 2) Water vapor pressure - find intersection of air temperature line and and RH curve, read vapor pressure off y-axis 3) Dewpoint temperature -calculate vapor pressure as in (2) find intersection with 100%RH curve.
A good reference:
Why did my car window fog up this morning?
• Outside was 13oC (56F) • Inside was 25oC • Droplets form on the inside of the
window • What was the humidity inside the car?
• Step 1: Draw/write what you know • Step 2: Ask what process is occurring?
Use the answer to solve the question. i.e. Why did fog happen? Condensation occurred (dewpoint or saturation) Add that point to your diagram.
ftp://ftp.licor.com/perm/env/LI-610/Manual/610card.pdf
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Wat
er v
apor
pre
ssur
e (k
Pa)
Air temperature (oC)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Relative humidty
Water vapor pressure and dewpoint estimation at sea-level:1) Saturated vapor pressure -where air temperature meets 100%RH curve 2) Water vapor pressure - find intersection of air temperature line and and RH curve, read vapor pressure off y-axis 3) Dewpoint temperature -calculate vapor pressure as in (2) find intersection with 100%RH curve.
A good reference:
Why did my car window fog up this morning?
• Outside was 13oC (56F) • Inside was 25oC • Droplets form on the inside of the
window • What was the humidity inside the car?
• Step 1: Draw/write what you know • Step 2: Ask what process is occurring?
Use the answer to solve the question. i.e. Why did fog happen? Condensation occurred (dewpoint or saturation) Add that point to your diagram.
• Step 3: Ask what process is occurring? i.e. What is happening to the air? It is cooling from 25oC to 13oC and condensation occurs. We have to connect the two temperatures.
ftp://ftp.licor.com/perm/env/LI-610/Manual/610card.pdf
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1
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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Wat
er v
apor
pre
ssur
e (k
Pa)
Air temperature (oC)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Relative humidty
Water vapor pressure and dewpoint estimation at sea-level:1) Saturated vapor pressure -where air temperature meets 100%RH curve 2) Water vapor pressure - find intersection of air temperature line and and RH curve, read vapor pressure off y-axis 3) Dewpoint temperature -calculate vapor pressure as in (2) find intersection with 100%RH curve.
A good reference:
?
Why did my car window fog up this morning?
• Outside was 13oC (56F) • Inside was 25oC • Droplets form on the inside of the
window • What was the humidity inside the car?
• Step 1: Draw/write what you know • Step 2: Ask what process is occurring?
Use the answer to solve the question. i.e. Why did fog happen? Condensation occurred (dewpoint or saturation) Add that point to your diagram.
• Step 3: Ask what process is occurring? i.e. What is happening to the air? It is cooling from 25oC to 13oC and condensation occurs. We have to connect the two temperatures.
• Step 4: Ask what process is occurring? i.e. During the cooling is water being added or removed from the air? No, so the vapor pressure stays the same.
ftp://ftp.licor.com/perm/env/LI-610/Manual/610card.pdf
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Wat
er v
apor
pre
ssur
e (k
Pa)
Air temperature (oC)
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Relative humidty
Water vapor pressure and dewpoint estimation at sea-level:1) Saturated vapor pressure -where air temperature meets 100%RH curve 2) Water vapor pressure - find intersection of air temperature line and and RH curve, read vapor pressure off y-axis 3) Dewpoint temperature -calculate vapor pressure as in (2) find intersection with 100%RH curve.
A good reference:
Need a translation from Proper English?
• Oops: Evaporation not Evapouration • I say: “Vapour” You say: “Vapor” • How do you say “mauve” (the colour)?
• No! It is not Marv!
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Anatomy, Structure and Function
• Plant Cells • Organelles • Tissues • Organs
What is the plant made of?
What shape is the plant?
Why have these structures?
http://plantphys.info/plant_biology/ Need a starting point?
“Plants have souls that animals don't”
Anatomy, Structure and Function
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/09/130926-genius-macarthur-kevin-boyce-fossil-plants/
"But with plants, you have cellular anatomy preserved. Every plant cell
has a strong cell wall. Plants have souls that animals don't—
it was pretty literally that."
Anatomy, Structure and Function
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/09/130926-genius-macarthur-kevin-boyce-fossil-plants/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhynia_stem.jpg
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Plant and Animal Cells
• Structural differences
Plant Cells Animal Cells
Cell walls present No cell wall outside cell membrane
Plastids (pigment cells) No plastids
- Lysosomes + Lysosomes (digestion of waste)
Centrioles only in lower forms (still do mitosis)
Centrioles always present
Large vacuoles filled with cell sap Vacuoles, if present, are small
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Cells
• Primary cell walls – Constituents (from sycamore)
• Hemicellulose - 65% (polysaccharide containing glucose, mannose, xylose and others)
– May be branched, random amorphous structure
• Cellulose - 23% – Polysaccharide containing glucose alone – Usually straight chains – Very strong
• Protein - 10% • Pectic substances - 2%
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Cell Wall Structure
http://www.abcbodybuilding.com
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Cells
• Primary cell walls – Elasticity
• Important for growth • Young’s elastic modulus (units = pascal)
– E = force per unit area / volume change over original volume
– E = F/A / ΔV/V (volume measurements) – E = ΔP / ΔV/V (pressure measurements) – If E is large, the material is “stiff”, resistant to changes in
shape
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Cells
• Secondary cell walls – Constituents
• Cellulose - 45% • Hemicellulose - 30% • Lignin - 24%
– Not a polysaccharide, but a macromolecule of phenolic monomers
– Phenolic structure
• Pectin - 1% – Secondary wall is inside primary wall
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Primary and Secondary Cell Walls
Constituent Primary (%) Secondary (%)
Hemicellulose 65 30
Cellulose 23 45
Protein 10 -
Lignin - 24
Pectic Substances 2 1
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Cell Size
• Most plant cells 20 - 300 µm in length – Trivia: 95% of
organisms on earth are smaller than a chicken’s egg
– Limitations • Surface area - volume
relationship – SA = 4 π r2 – V = 4/3 π r3
» Physical forces needed for support
» Inhibition to diffusion
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Why is it important no to have too large a cell?
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Organelles
• Cytoplasm or cytosol – aqueous matrix
• Plasma membrane (plasmalemma) – 0.01 µm (10 nm) thick
• Chloroplast (4-5 µm) – Chlorophyll – Thylakoid
• System of membranes – Grana
• Stacks of thylakoids • Embedded in stroma • Own DNA
http://www.daviddarling.info/
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Organelles
• Other plastids (pigment containing organelles) – Leucoplasts
• Colorless (Greek leucos = white) • Storage (starch, lipid, proteins) or
biosynthesis
– Chromoplasts • Other pigments than chlorophyll • Oil soluble carotenoids (Carrots)
http://content.answers.com
http://www.cas.muohio.edu/
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Organelles
• Mitochondrion (0.5 - 1 µm) – Site of cellular respiration – Contains its own DNA – Divide by fission (like bacteria)
• Nucleus (5-21 µm)
http://library.thinkquest.org/
http://faculty.ircc.edu/faculty/tfischer
Why do chloroplasts and mitochondria have two plasma-membranes and their own DNA?
Anatomy, Structure and Function
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter4/animation_-_endosymbiosis.html
Video of this:
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Organelles
• Vacuole – Variable sizes
• Tonoplast – Can occupy 80-90% of cell volume – Functions
» Storage (dumping ground) » Osmotic regulation (by tonoplast) » Turgor pressure » Especially important in guard cells (stomata) » Maintenance of cytosolic pH
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/
http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/
Diversity of Form
• Succulents
Anatomy, Structure and Function
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Split_Aloe.jpg/768px-Split_Aloe.jpg
Stem succulence
Leaf+stem succulence http://www.glenhirstcactiandpalms.co.uk/plantsforfree.html
Anatomy, Structure and Function
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dissected_Lithops_0133_(3137859955).jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lithops_lesliei_2.jpg
Stan Shebs
Diversity of Form
• Succulents
Anatomy, Structure and Function
http://www.brown.edu/Research/Edwards_Lab/reprints/ogburn_edwardsABR2010.pdf
- Drought avoidance adaption (water storage) - Stomatal closure during the drought - Low Surface area to Volume ratio - Root decoupling from dry soil - Water storage within vacuoles in various tissues - Never more stressed than midsummer corn!
- Salinity adaption (salt storage)
- Toxic salt storage in vacuoles (keep low conc.) - Balanced with organic ionic molecules in cytoplasm - High osmotic concentration keeps water flowing from salty soils.
Read more:
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Organelles
• Endoplasmic reticulum – Protein synthesis
• Ribosomes
• Golgi apparatus – Processing and Post office
• Plasmodesmata – Strands of cytoplasm that extend through the walls of adjacent
cells – Importance - thought to unite cells of a tissue into one functional
whole – symplast
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Organelles
• Endoplasmic reticulum – Protein synthesis
• Ribosomes
• Golgi apparatus – Processing and Post office
• Plasmodesmata – Strands of cytoplasm that extend through the walls of
adjacent cells – Importance - thought to unite cells of a tissue into one
functional whole – symplast
http://www.dac.neu.edu/
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Organelles
• Microbodies – Peroxisome
• Antioxidative • Photorespiration*
– Glyoxysome • Break down fats as they are converted to
carbohydrate during germination
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Types of Cells
• Parenchyma – Photosynthesis – Storage
• Collenchyma – Structural support (celery fibers)
• Sclerenchyma – Sclereid (pears) – Fiber (load bearing)
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Tissues
• Middle lamella – Calcium and magnesium pectates
• Dermal tissue – Epidermis – Cuticle – Root hairs
http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Tissues
• Middle lamella – Calcium and magnesium pectates
• Dermal tissue – Epidermis – Cuticle – Root hairs
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Ground tissue
• Palisade parenchyma (leaf) • Spongy mesophyll (leaf) • Cortex (stem and root) • Pith (stem) • Pericycle (root) • Endodermis (root) http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_tissue
Great Wikipedia site:
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Ground tissue
• Palisade parenchyma (leaf) • Spongy mesophyll (leaf) • Cortex (stem and root) • Pith (stem) • Pericycle (root) • Endodermis (root)
http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/labs/rost/
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Ground tissue
• Palisade parenchyma (leaf) • Spongy mesophyll (leaf) • Cortex (stem and root) • Pith (stem) • Pericycle (root) • Endodermis (root)
http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth
http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/ecotree/
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Vascular tissue
• Xylem • Phloem
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/
http://www.lclark.edu/~seavey/
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Stem
http://plantphys.info/
http://plantphys.info/plant_biology/stems.shtml
Great website
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Organs • Meristems “stem cells”
– Shoot – Root – Cambium – Intercalary
http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mauseth/
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/ http://www.nsci.plu.edu/~jmain/
War zone! Monocot versus Dicot
Anatomy, Structure and Function
http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botglosi.htm
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8/monocotdicot.html
For more on dicot monocot differences:
http://www.extension.org/pages/58085/basics-of-grass-growth#.Uks864bEPNs
Intercalary meristems are basal in grasses (major monocot clade): - leaf blade - sheath - internode Allows greater regrowth from disturbance But secondary growth is relatively limited in monocots
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFCdAgeMGOA
Watch grass growing! http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=G2RuVxdr0mA
Watch beans growing!
Without well developed secondary thickening, are there any tall monocots?
Anatomy, Structure and Function
30m
http://theorganicartist.wordpress.com/page/48/
Bamboo cross-section:
A thought experiment aka an example of how to deal with math without doing algebra
• The bending of structure follows this form: • M = EIK • M = the force needed to bend the structure to a certain curvature • E = the modulus of elasticity of the structure (~ anatomy) (high value = stiff) • I = the strength associated with shape (~ morphology) • K = the curvature obtained by the force
• Outcomes:
– EI determines how plants respond to forces (E~anatomy; I~shape) • How tall a tree can be. How strong a branch/leaf is. Best shape or anatomy relative to investment costs.
– You can understand a formula by putting numbers into it (in Excel or in your head)
Anatomy, Structure and Function
Savanna: grass or tree dominated?
• Light • Fire • Browsers vs. grazers • Human impacts • Below ground resources
– Water – nutrients
• Plant physiology!
Grasses (Monocots) Trees (Dicots)
Low costs of producing structure results in:
Plastic – responsive growth to changes
Less fast growing
Rapidly resprout or reseed after fire
Larger below ground reserves
Fast recovery from herbivory Larger below ground reserves
No stems or wood Slower growth as must make stems
Dense fibrous roots – competitive for nutrients
Extensive and deeper roots – able to go where grass roots can’t, competitive for water
Other traits High C:N ratio – slow decomposition Low C:N ratio – faster decomposition
Create hot fires
Support high herbivore densities incl. mixed feeders
Safe once tall (2-3m)
Not competitive at low light Competitive at low light
Physiological differences between grasses and trees that lead to differential responses to environment
=?= =?=
+Forests +herbivore pressure
++tree competition
+nutrient limitation +water limitation
+fire, herbivory
+fire, herbivory
Anatomy, Structure and Function
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ficus_watkinsiana_on_Syzygium_hemilampra-Iluka.jpg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Caryota_urens1.jpg
Exercise 2: Plant anatomical structural adaptation
• Bring a photo (or a specimen*) of an interesting plant anatomy or structure to class on Thursday. Print it if you can, or bring it on smart phone…
• Before class think about: – Why the plant has it? And why it has that form? (functional significance) – What physiological/physical principles determine the form of the item?
• We will discuss this more in class in groups. • * please don’t break or deface any public plants
Anatomy, Structure and Function