Lab No. 4

Microscopical Examination of

Leaves & Flowers Containing Volatile Oil

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Volatile oil

Volatile oils:

§ They are odours§ Volatile oils evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperature

Cold Expression (e.g. Citrus Oils)

Scarification Method

Sponge Method

H2O+ plant (pieces) – Heating (vapor H2O + Volatile Oils) –

Volatile Oils

1

Volatile oil - Containing Plants (1)

They are odours principles found in plants Volatile oils evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperature

Methods of preparation of Volatile Oil

Extraction Method

Liquid Extraction (Petroleum

Ether)

Solid Extraction (Flowers)

Scarification

Heating → – condenser →

DirectUsing Clevenger

Apparatus

Indirect(For heat sensitive

Volatile oils)

Lab No. 4

222 PHG

Volatile oils evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperature

Steam Distillation

Direct Using Clevenger

Apparatus

Indirect (For heat sensitive

Volatile oils)

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he leaf is the lateral out growth, normally of limited growth on the stem from which it differs in structure and organization.

Diagram of entire leaf:

Transverse section of Leaf Lamina:

Example of powdered leaves containing volatile oils:

Mentha (See Table)

T

2

The Leaf

he leaf is the lateral out growth, normally of limited growth on the stem from which it differs in structure and organization.

Leaf Lamina:

Example of powdered leaves containing volatile oils:

Lab No. 4

222 PHG

he leaf is the lateral out growth, normally of limited growth on the stem from

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The flower is composed of:

1) Receptacle 2) Calyx 3) Corolla 4) Androecium 5) Gynaecium

P.S: the flower can be complete or incomplete (missing one or more of these components)

1) Receptacle:

The receptacle can be flattened or convex &

2) Calyx:

Calyx is formed of 2-5 sepals

3) Corolla:

The corolla consists of petalscarrying pollens.

4) Androcium:

The male sexual organ in flower

The stamen consists of: filament

3

The Flower

flower is composed of:

flower can be complete or incomplete (missing one or

lattened or convex &it is usually short

5 sepals. It protects essential organs of the flower.

consists of petals. It protects the essential organs and attract

in flower, consists of one or more stamens.

filament & anther

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222 PHG

attracts the insects

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5) Gynaecium:

The female sexual organ in flower

Typical Carpel formed of: Ovary

According to sexual structure:

Examples of powdered flowers containing volatile oils:

§ Clove § Lavender§ Chamomile

(See Table)

Hermafrodite

Unisexual

Sterile

4

The female sexual organ in flower, it consists of carpels.

Ovary, style & stigma

Kinds of flowers According to sexual structure:

Examples of powdered flowers containing volatile oils:

Lavender Chamomile

• The presence of both male & female organs in one flower.

• Only one of the sexual organs is present. It may be staminate (only androecium is present) or pistillate (only gynaecium is present)

• the absence of both female & male organs.

Lab No. 4

222 PHG

The presence of both male & female

Only one of the sexual organs is present. (only androecium is (only gynaecium is

the absence of both female & male

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Lab No. 4

222 PHG

5

M

enth

a (p

eppe

rmin

t) C

love

G

erm

an

Cha

mom

ile

lave

nder

Orig

in

Drie

d le

af o

f Men

tha

pipe

rita

Drie

d da

rk b

ud o

f Eu

geni

a ca

ryop

hylla

ta

Drie

d flo

wer

hea

d of

M

atric

aria

cha

mom

ila

Drie

d flo

wer

s of

La

vend

ula

offic

inal

is

Fam

ily

Labi

atae

M

yrta

ceae

As

tera

ceae

La

biat

ae

Odo

ur

Cha

ract

ristic

C

hara

cter

istic

Ar

omat

ic

Appl

e-lik

e od

our

Frag

rant

aro

mat

ic

Tast

e Ar

omat

ic

Cha

ract

eris

tic (

acid

and

sp

icy)

Sl

ight

ly b

itter

Ar

omat

ic

Col

or

Gre

en

Dar

k br

own

Gre

en y

ello

w

Gre

yish

to d

ark

blue

Mic

rosc

opic

al

exam

inat

ion

§ M

ount

: KO

H

§ Se

cret

ory

orga

n:

Labi

aceo

us h

air(

Gla

ndul

ar h

air u

nice

llula

r st

alk

, mul

ticel

lula

r hea

d)

§ D

iacy

tic s

tom

ata

§ M

ount

in c

hlor

al

hydr

ate

§ Tr

iang

ular

pol

len

grai

n §

Fibr

ous

laye

r of a

nthe

r §

Oil

glan

d

§ M

ount

in c

hlor

al

hydr

ate

§ Sp

heric

al s

piny

po

llen

grai

n

§ H

exag

onal

Pol

len

grai

ns w

ith 6

ger

m

pore

s §

Non

-gla

ndul

ar

bran

ched

hai

r (tre

e lik

e)

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Lab No. 4

222 PHG

6

Clove

Triangular pollen grains Fibrous layer of anther Oil gland

Chamomile

Spiny pollen grains

Lavender

Pollen grains Branched hair

Mentha

Diacytic stomata Labiaceous hair

See table for details

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