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Learning to Read. Fill in the Blank Anticipatory Set/Bluebook Presentation Evaluation Form Development Learning to Read Reading to Learn (Comprehension). Relationship between Schooling and Income. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Learning to ReadFill in the Blank Anticipatory
Set/BluebookPresentation Evaluation Form
DevelopmentLearning to Read Reading to Learn (Comprehension)
Relationship between Schooling and Income
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000
"CHILDREN ARE MADE READERS ON THE LAPS OF THEIR PARENTS.“
— EMILIE BUCHWALD
Outcomes of Early Exposure
Number 1 predictor of success in school is how much a child is read to prior to entering Kindergarten
Age 7 reading ability predicts school achievement in High School
Literacy Learning to Read
Reading Fluency (Ch 2)Early Literacy: Concepts of PrintPhonemic AwarenessDecoding skillsAccessing word meaningSentence Integration
Reading to Learn Reading Comprehension (Ch 3)
Prior knowledge Inference makingComprehension monitoring
Literacy: Learning to Read
Reading FluencyAcquiring skills
"Babies are born with the instinct to speak, the way spiders are born with the instinct to spin webs. You don't need to train babies to speak; they just do. But reading is different."
— Steven Pinker
Early Literacy in the Home Lists Entertainment School-related
tasks Sunday
activities Communication Story Time
Shopping, Things to Do Magazines, TV guide, Rules for
Games Sibling homework, playing
school Bible reading, Sunday school
activities Letters, notes, messages,
holiday cards Children’s books, pre-reading
Learning to Read Prereading: Must realize that there is a correspondence
between printed page and spoken language “Concepts of Print”
Phonemic awareness: Must establish letter-sound correspondences English has 26 letters,
but 42 basic phonemes
Learning to Read Prereading: Must realize that there is a correspondence
between printed page and spoken language “Concepts of Print”
Phonemic awareness: Must establish letter-sound correspondences English has 26 letters,
but 42 basic phonemes Decoding: Must realize that a
printed word corresponds tospecific combination of sounds
Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Bottom-up: start with the basic units and build up
Bottom-up models operate on the principle that the written text is hierarchically organized (i.e., on the grapho-phonic, phonemic, syllabic, morphemic, word, and sentence levels) and that the reader first processes the smallest linguistic unit, gradually compiling the smaller units to decipher and comprehend the higher units (e.g., sentence syntax).” (Dechant 1991)
letters units of sound words phrases sentences etc.
Emphasizes “word-attack skills”, use texts that emphasize phonemic
analysis…
Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Bottom-up: basic units and build up
Phonics first letters units of sound words
phrases sentences etc. Emphasizes “word-attack skills”,
use texts that emphasize phonemic analysis… Top-down: proceeds from information already stored in
memory (prior knowledge) to decipher unit level input Using meaning and syntax to figure out unfamiliar words Whole language: meaning first Emphasizes many rich opportunities to experience
written language (e.g., authentic literature, song)
Learning to Read Prereading: Must realize that there is a correspondence
between printed page and spoken language “Concepts of Print”
Phonemic awareness: Must establish letter-sound correspondences English has 26 letters,
but 42 basic phonemes Decoding: Must realize that a
printed word corresponds tospecific combination of sounds
Meaning Making: Must understand what they read Semantic and syntactic knowledge
Reading: A Challenging TaskI’m trying hard to learn to readBut what’s a kid to doWhen there’s a NO and a GO and a SO and a HOAnd then there’s a word like TO?Reading BONE and CONE and LONE and TONECan almost be kind of fun.But I get upset when I have to believe That D-O-N-E spells DONE!It’s plain to see a kid like meSure needs a helping hand.No matter how much I really try, I just don’t understandI’m trying hard to learn to readSomehow that’s what I’ll do.But for now if you’ll just read to me,Someday I’ll read to you.
Tomorrow was the annual,
one-day fishing contest
and fisherman
would invade the place.
Some of the best bass
guitarists in the country
would came to this spot.
The actress received praise for being an outstanding _______.
performer
Jack and Jill ran up the ______.
stairs
Happy _______!
Holidays!
Be my _________ .
Avocado
Study Results (Tulving & Gold, 1963)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 4 8
number of context words
Tim
e to
read
in m
illis
econ
ds
InappropriateAppropriate
Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Bottom-up: basic units and build up
Phonics first letters units of sound words
phrases sentences etc. Emphasizes “word-attack skills”,
use texts that emphasize phonemic analysis… Top-down: proceeds from information already stored in
memory (prior knowledge) to decipher unit level input Whole language: meaning first Emphasizes many rich opportunities to experience
written language (e.g., authentic literature, song) Main issue: How to combine these two
processes effectively
Learning to Read Prereading: Must realize that there is a correspondence
between printed page and spoken language “Concepts of Print”
Phonemic awareness: Must establish letter-sound correspondences English has 26 letters,
but 42 basic phonemes Decoding: Must realize that a
printed word corresponds tospecific combination of sounds
Meaning Making: Must understand what they read Semantic and syntactic knowledge
Sentence Integration:
Automaticity The key to effective reading is automaticity
The more automatic our reading and recognizing words, the less space taken in working memory. Then the mind can spend more time on meaning and
context, as well as making inferences about the text or passage, leading to comprehension
Scaffolding the Beginning Reader
How do we help students obtain automaticity? Assess first (running record)
Teach students to attend to cues by prompting Mediators in the form of spoken language
Phonics- “get your mouth ready” or “sound it out” Semantic- “what makes sense” or “look at the picture” Syntactic- “skip it, read on and then go back” or “go back and
reread”
“Once you learn to read, you will be forever free.”
-Frederick Douglas
Literacy: reading to Learn
Reading Comprehension Academic Outcomes
Perception
Knowledge(memory)
The Perception-Knowledge Cycle
Learning
Perception-Knowledge Cycle
• Many view learning as a bottom-up process; starting from the basic unit of perception and building upon it
• Efficient learning requires extensive use of top-down processing or the use existing knowledge to facilitate new learning (expectations, aims, goals)
bottom
up
down
top
Reading to Learn Prior Knowledge: Influences what is
remembered (learned) Priming exercise
Memory Demonstration
Perceptual Priming as Expectation Bias
Study
Test
Expectations can influence what you perceive!
Reading to Learn Prior Knowledge: Influences what is
remembered (learned) Priming exercise Topic Priming
Topic Priming: Title of Text
No Topic Topic After
Topic Before
Maximum Score
Comprehension ratings 2.29 2.12 4.50 7.00
Number of Idea Units recalled 2.82 2.65 5.83 18.00
Comprehension and Recall Scores for the Passage
Bransford and Johnson (1972)
Perception
Knowledge(memory)
The Perception-Knowledge Cycle
LearningPerception-Knowledge Cycle
• Problem: Most view learning as a “bottom-up” process
• Efficient learning requires extensive use of top-down processing (expectations, aims, goals)
Conceptual Learning• Involves the interplay between
bottom-up and top-down processing
• Knowing what you expect to learn (goals, aims) will facilitate learning.
bottom
up
down
top
Using Prior KnowledgeUsing prior knowledge
provides us with context and meaning while we are reading. Background knowledge is
imperative to effective learning.
Class discussions and activity increases comprehension.
If we have no prior knowledge to “hook” our new information into, we will be challenged to understand, comprehend, or learn.
What people know influences what they will remember about a passage
Therefore, we must provide background knowledge.• Make sure it is
appropriate• Make sure it is
interesting• At grade level
Reading to Learn Prior Knowledge: Influences what is remembered
(learned) Priming exercise Topic Priming
Inference Making: Drawing conclusions beyond the text Background Knowledge
Making Inferences
This is the cornerstone of reading comprehension
Keys: This skill improves as children develop It improves with TRAINING and assisted
performance Teach students to begin to generate their own
questions about a passage It helps for them to practice and explain how
inferences are made [Gregory, A. & Cahill, M.A.(2010) K-schema,
connections, visualize, ask questions, infer]
Reading to Learn Prior Knowledge: Influences what is remembered
(learned) Priming exercise Topic Priming
Inference Making: Drawing conclusions beyond the text Background Knowledge
Comprehension Monitoring: Teach strategies
Reading and Vocabulary Development
Content Comic Books Children’s Books Preschool Books Prime-time Adult TV Prime-time Children’s TV Conversation College
Grad (spouse/friends)
Rare words/1000 53.5 30.9 16.3 22.7 20.2 17.3
Reading and Academic Achievement
Minutes/Day Words/Year Rank (standardized exams)
65 4,358,000 98%
21.1 1,823,000 90%
9.6 622,000 70%
4.6 282,000 50%
1.3 106,000 30%
Reading and Literacy
Early exposure predicts school success Reading as both Bottom-Up and Top-Down
Processing Comprehension comes with experience and training Reading strongly promotes Vocabulary Development Direct relationship between time spent reading and
standardized achievement
Take Home Message
10 Ways to Get Your Child to READ and READ and READ1. Let your child see you read and read and read2. Read to you child every day3. Make reading for pleasure part of your daily routine4. Read to your child every day5. Make books available to your child6. Read to your child every day7. Talk about books with your child8. Read to you child every day9. Take your child to the public library on a regular basis10. Read to your child every day
(thanks to Dr. Bohlmann for use of some of her lecture slides, 2010)
Learning to Read Fill in the Blank Anticipatory Set/Bluebook Presentation Evaluation Form Development Learning to Read Reading to Learn (Comprehension) Group Presentation planning (if time)
For Tuesday: Read Chapter 4
“To learn to read is to light a fire; every syllable that is spelled out is a spark.”
-Victor Hugo, Les Miserables