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What Were You Thinking?A Learning Styles Workshop
Jean Marrapodi, PhD, CPLPExecutive Director, Applestar Productions
Today’s Roadmap
What are learning styles? Determine your style: MBTI Model Other Models Implications
Kaleidoscope of Theories
•Learning styles research began in 1960s•By 2006 over 650 books published on learning styles•Over 4500 articles in scholarly publications•26,000 websites
So Many Words!
convergers versus divergers verbalisers versus imagers holists versus serialists deep versus surface learning activists versus reflectors pragmatists versus theorists adaptors versus innovators assimilators versus explorers field dependent versus field independent globalists versus analysts assimilators versus accommodators
imaginative versus analytic learners non-committers versus plungers common-sense versus dynamic learners concrete versus abstract learners random versus sequential learners initiators versus reasoners intuitionists versus analysts extroverts versus introverts sensing versus intuition
thinking versus feeling judging versus perceiving left brainers versus right brainers meaning-directed versus undirected theorists versus humanitarians activists versus theorists pragmatists versus reflectors organisers versus innovators lefts/analytics/inductives/successive processors
versus rights/globals/deductives/
simultaneous processors executive, hierarchic, conservative versus
legislative, anarchic, liberal
Different Ways of Measurement
Cognitive Style
Learning Style
Learning AptitudesLearning
Strategy
Learning Preferences
Les Howles, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Myers Briggs Type Indicator
Rooted in psychology of Carl Jung
Adapted by Isabel Myers Briggs in 1940’s
Focus on 4 areas of perceiving and judging
Strong implications for learning
MBTI Reveals 16 Types
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
Myers Briggs
Four Rating Scales Extravert/Intravert E/N Sensing/Intuitive S/I Feeling/Thinking F/T Judging/Perceiving J/P
Myers Briggs Type Table: Sensing/Intuitive
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
11
SS NN
Sensing/Intuitive
Gaining Information/Perceiving
Uses senses Intuitive
75% 25%
Sensing/Intuitive
Sensing Intuitive
Learn new things by imitation and observation Value solid, recognizable methods achieved in step-by-step manner Focus on actual experience Tend to be specific and literal; give detailed descriptions Behave practically Rely on past experiences Likes predictable relationships Appreciate standard ways to solve problems Methodical Value realism and common sense
Learn new things through general concepts Value different or unusual methods achieved via inspiration Focus on possibilities Tend to be general and figurative use metaphors and analogies Behave imaginatively Rely on hunches Value change in relationships Use new and different ways to solve problems and reach solutions Leap around in a roundabout way Value imagination and innovation
Sensers and Intuitives
Myers Briggs Type Table: Introverted/Extraverted
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
22
IIEE
Extravert/Introvert
Receives energy externally or internally
Extravert Introvert
49% 51%
Extravert/Introvert
Extravert Introvert
Tolerate noise and crowds Talk more than listen Communicate with enthusiasm. Be distracted easily Meet people readily and participate in many activities Blurt things out w/o thinking Parties recharge your batteries Hates to do nothing. On the go Likes working or talking in groups Likes to be center of attention
Avoid crowds and seek quiet Listen more than talk Keep enthusiasm to self Concentrate well Proceed cautiously in meeting people participate in selected activities Think carefully before speaking Time alone recharges batteries Needs to have time to reflect Would prefer to socialize in small groups or just do job "by myself" Content being on the sidelines
E/I Manifestations
http://www.rbdc.com/~patmarr COPYRIGHT ©1996-1999 PAT MARR
Myers Briggs Type Table: I/E and S/N
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
11
22
Myers Briggs Type Table: Thinking/Feeling
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
33 33
FF TTTT
Feeling/Thinking
Making decisionsEmotions Logic
Feeling Thinking
50% 50%
Feeling/Thinking
Feeling Thinking
Have harmony as a goal Decide more with my heart Agree more with others' findings, because people are worth listening to Notice when people need support Choose tactfulness over truthfulness Deal with people compassionately Expect the world to recognize individual differences Note how an option has value and how it affects people Like to please others; show appreciation Appreciate frequent queries as to my emotional state ANY feeling is valid
Question others' findings because they might be wrong Notice ineffective reasoning Choose truthfulness over tactfulness’ Deal with people firmly, as needed Expect world to run on logical principles Note pros & cons of each option See others' flaws...critical Tolerate occasional queries as to my emotional state in relationships Feelings are valid if they're logical
Myers Briggs Type Table: I/E, S/N and T/F
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
11
22
33 33
Myers Briggs Type Table: Judging/Perceiving
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
44
44
JJ
PPJJ
Judging/Perceiving
Making Decisions
Judging Perceive
Judging/Perceiving
Judging Perceiving
Prefer my life to be decisive imposing my will on it Prefer knowing what they're getting themselves into Feel better after making decisions Enjoy finishing things Work for a settled life, with my plans in order Dislike surprises & want advance warning See time as a finite resource, and take deadlines seriously Like checking off "to do" list Feel better with things planned Settled. Organized.
Like adapting to new situations Prefer to keep things open Enjoy starting things Keep my life as flexible as so nothing is missed Enjoy surprises and like adapting to last minute changes See time as a renewable resource and see deadlines as elastic Ignore "to do" list even if made one Would rather do whatever comes along Tentative. Flexible. Spontaneous.
Perceivers Resist Closure
http://www.rbdc.com/~patmarr COPYRIGHT ©1996-1999 PAT MARR
Myers Briggs Type Table
ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
11
22
33 33
44
44
Learning Style Model: VAKT
Visual Seeing: Text, Charts, Diagrams, Pictures
Auditory Hearing: Audio, Music, Speaking
Kinesthetic Bodily Action: Movement
Tactile Touching: Doing with the hand
Kolb Learning Style Model
Reflective Observation
Active Experimentation
Processing Information
Direct Experience
Abstract Concept
Rece
ivin
g Info
rmati
on
Intersection=Learning Style
Reflective Observation
Active Experimentation
Concrete Experience
Abstract Concept
Concrete ReflectiveReflectorsDiverging
Abstract ReflectiveTheorists
Assimilating
Abstract ActivePragmatistsConverging
Concrete ActiveActivists
Accommodating
Experiential Learning StylesLearning style Learning characteristic
Converger Abstract conceptualization + Active experimentation
Diverger Concrete experience + Reflective observation
Assimilator Abstract conceptualization + Reflective observation
Accommodator Concrete experience + Active experimentation
Gregoric Learning Style Model
RandomSequential Organizing Information
Concrete
Abstract
Perc
eiv
ing Info
rmati
on
Concrete Sequential Concrete Random
Abstract RandomAbstract Sequential
Left Brain/Right Brain
Learners also favor one side of the brain over another.
Left Brain Right Brainlogical creative
verbal spatialanalytical intuitive
Multiple IntelligencesVerbal-Linguistic Ability to use words and language
Logical-Mathematical Capacity for inductive and deductive thinking and reasoning, use of numbers, recognition of abstract patterns
Visual-Spatial Ability to visualize objects and spatial dimensions, and create internal images and pictures
Body-Kinesthetic Wisdom of the body; ability to control physical motion
Musical-Rhythmic Ability to recognize tonal patterns and sounds, sensitivity to rhythms and beats
Interpersonal Capacity for person-to-person communications and relationships
Intrapersonal Spiritual, inner states of being, self-reflection, awareness
Learning Orientations
Work of Margaret Martinez Resistant Conforming Performing Transforming
Learning Preferences
ResistantLearners
Teacher Led Independent
T
rans
form
ing
Lear
ners
P
erfo
rmin
gLe
arne
rs
C
onf o
rmin
gLe
arne
rs
Myers Briggs Type Indicator
Extravert Introvert49% 51%
Sensing Intuitive75% 25%
Feeling Thinking50% 50%
Judging Perceiving50% 50%
At Risk College Students
Extravert Introvert49% 51%
Sensing Intuitive75% 25%
80, 73, 88, and 59%Remedial Reading Program
61, 60, 53 and 53 %Remedial Reading Program
Other Stats Snowman 50% of students in adult literacy
class were ESF, 72% were SF Alternative high schools are “over-
represented with extraverted perceiver (EP) students
Sensing students perform poorest on reading comprehension tests
Sensing students define reading as a bottom up process (sequential, details)
Other Stats
Introverted Intuitives (IN) tend to do better on reading tests
Intuitives over-represented in gifted programs
Intuitives define reading as a top down process (sampling, selection and guessing for comprehension)
So What? Students who understand themselves
tend to learn better and can accommodate for their styles
Teach to experiences of the senses to build in the sensory preference for receiving information
Allow students to talk out their thoughts to allow for the Extraverted preference