Learning Outcomes 1.Differentiate health care services based on primary, secondary, and tertiary disease prevention categories. 2.Describe the functions

Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes

1. Differentiate health care services based on primary, secondary, and tertiary disease prevention categories.

2. Describe the functions and purposes of the health care agencies outlined in this chapter.

3. Identify the roles of various health care professionals.

Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice, Ninth EditionAudrey Berman • Shirlee Snyder

Learning Outcomes (cont'd)Learning Outcomes (cont'd)

4. Describe the factors that affect health care delivery.

5. Describe frameworks for the delivery of nursing care.

6. Compare various systems of payment for health care services.



Types of Health Care Services Types of Health Care Services

• Primary prevention– Health promotion– Illness prevention

• Secondary prevention– Diagnosis– Treatment



Primary prevention Health promotion programs addresses areas

such as: adequate and proper nutrition weight control, exercise and stress reduction Health promotion activities: role of clients role in

maintaining their own health and encourage them to maintain the highest level of wellness they can achieve



• Primary prevention• illnesses prevention programs may be directed at

the client or the community and involve such practice as:

providing immunization identifying risk factor for illnesses early detection of disease :routine screening .e.g.

mammograms screening, education to Brest cancer



Types of Health Care Services Types of Health Care Services

• Tertiary prevention– Rehabilitation: – Health restoration– Palliative care:





Primary PreventionPrimary Prevention

• Healthy People 2010– Increase quality and years of healthy life– Achieve health equity and eliminate health

disparities– Create healthy environment for everyone– Promote health and quality life across the life

span



Primary Prevention (cont'd)Primary Prevention (cont'd)

• Address adequate and proper nutrition, weight control and exercise, and stress reduction

• Emphasize the important role clients play in maintaining their own health and encourage to maintain the highest level of wellness clients can achieve



Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention

• Hospitals– Emergency care– Intensive care– Around-the-clock care

• Health promotion services– Early detection– Routine screening



Tertiary PreventionTertiary Prevention

• Help people move to their previous level of health

• Highest level they are capable of given their current health status

• Rehabilitation to function adequately in the physical, mental, social, economic, and vocational areas of their lives

• Outreach programs for mental health illness



Tertiary Prevention (cont'd)Tertiary Prevention (cont'd)

• Palliative care– Providing comfort and treatment– End-of-life care may be conducted in many

settings including the home



Health Care AgenciesHealth Care Agencies

• Government agencies– Public health services– Local health departments develop programs

to meet the health needs of the people, providing necessary nursing and staff to carry out these programs, continue evaluating the effectiveness of the program, and monitoring changing needs



Health Care Agencies (cont'd)Health Care Agencies (cont'd)

• Government agencies– State health organizations are responsible for

assisting local health departments

• Physicians’ offices– Routine health screening– Diagnosis and treatment




• Ambulatory care centers– Diagnostic treatment facilities– Minor surgery

• Occupational health clinics– Run by companies for employees– Health promotion activities




• Hospitals– Acute inpatient services– Outpatient and ambulatory care– Emergency department– Hospice care

• Subacute care– Variation of inpatient care– Technically complex treatments




• Extended care facilities (formerly called nursing homes)– Independent living– Assisted, skilled, extended care facilities– Rehabilitation




• Retirement and assisted-living centers– For clients unable to stay at home, but do not

require hospital or nursing home




• Rehabilitation centers– Restore or recuperate health– Drug and alcohol

• Home health care agencies– Education to clients and families– Care to acute, chronic, or terminally ill




• Rural care hospitals– Federal funding– Services for rural residents



Health Care Agencies (cont’d)Health Care Agencies (cont’d)

• Day-care centers– Infants or children– Adults that cannot be left at home

• Hospice services– Care for dying in home or facility– Improve or maintain quality of life until death




• Crisis centers– Emergency services for life crises– Counseling and support

• Mutual support or self-help groups– Health problems– Life crises



Health Care Professionals Health Care Professionals

• Nurses• Alternative (complementary) care

providers• Case manager• Dentists• Dietitians• Nutritionists



Figure 6-6 Although all members of the health care team individualize care for the client based on the expertise of their own discipline, there are areas of overlap facilitated through teamwork.



Health Care Professionals (cont'd)Health Care Professionals (cont'd)

• Alternative (complementary care providers)

• Dentists• Nurses• Nutritionists• Occupational therapists • Paramedics/EMTs• Pharmacists



Health Care Professionals (cont'd)Health Care Professionals (cont'd)

• Physical therapists • Physicians• Physician assistants• Podiatrists• Respiratory therapists• Social workers• Spiritual support personnel• Unlicensed assistive personnel (UAPs)



Factors that Affect Health Care Factors that Affect Health Care Delivery Delivery

• Increasing number of elderly• Advances in technology • Economics• Women’s health issues• Uneven distribution of services



Factors that Affect Health Care Factors that Affect Health Care Delivery (cont'd)Delivery (cont'd)

• Access to health insurance• Homeless and the poor• Demographic changes

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Learning Outcomes 1.Differentiate health care services based on primary, secondary, and tertiary disease prevention categories. 2.Describe the functions