LEARNING OF EUROPEAN RDE IMPLEMENTATION & … BALTES.pdf · 1) Laboratory based testing – Random Cycle (RC) 2) On road emission testing – PEMS Both test procedures were evaluated

LEARNING OF EUROPEAN RDE IMPLEMENTATION & CHALLENGES FACED

© 2016 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved

28.04.2016, Natalie Baltes

Agenda Introduction

RDE implementation

Challenges faced

Summary

Outlook

1. Introduction

1. Introduction

HORIBA OBS-ONE Introduction

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HORIBAs solution for PEMS measurement according to HDV and LDV regulation

Measurement of gases: CO, CO2, NO, NOx (NO2 per calculation), THC as option

Measurement of particles: PM, PN

Measurement of additional sensors: Exhaust flow, weather conditions (temperature, humidity pressure), GPS, OBD

Control software based on HORIBA ONE Platform (HOP)

Post processing software

HORIBA OBS-ONE Analyzer principle gas

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Unique patented analysis principle: Hot wet based measurement for all gas components

In house technology and real exhaust gas measurement

No cooler / dehumidifier necessary: faster response time of analyzers, less power supply

No correction calculation from dry to wet

Component Detector principal Measurement range Advantage

CO

CO2

Heated NDIR 0-0.5 to 0-10 vol%

0-5 to 0-20 vol%

Accurate CO and CO2 measurement CO and CO2 signal is

compensated by H2O measurement and optimized algorithm

[Patent No. JP 03771849]

NO, NOx

(NO2) Heated dual-CLD 0-100 to 0-3000 ppm

Common legislative analyzer principle for NOx measurement

Reliable and accurate NOx measurement alt low concentration

CLA signal is compensated by CO2 and H2O signals (low quench)

No NO2 losses

THC

CH4 Heated FID

0-100 to 0-10000 ppmC

0-100 to 0-5000 ppmC

191°C for diesel THC measurement avoids THC hang-up

Compact design

From Q3 2016 additional measurement of CH4

OBS uses same analyzers than MEXA (stationary system)

High accuracy

HORIBA OBS-ONE

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Technical leadership due to the most advanced CPC and system design optimized for mobile applications (can also be used as a “stand-alone” device)

Security of investment (OBS-ONE-PN is ready for future legislation requirements such as cold-start etc.)

Excellent correlation to PMP-compliant counters

Intuitive and robust control software with integrated and automated check and calibration sequences

Modular concept enables fast and flexible installation on almost any vehicle

Analyzer principle PN

GAS Measurement Unit

PN Measurement Unit

HORIBA OBS-ONE

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Gravimetric filter method + DCS provides real time PM measurement with high sensitivity

Most reliable proportional sampling under transient flow conditions

Fully compliant to the latest legislation requirements

User-friendly modular design

Advanced Software and data post-processing

Flow sensing

element

Analyzer principle PM

1. Introduction

2. RDE implementation

RDE implementation Motivation to measure on the road

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Diesel cars: Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions (in g/km)

Source: AECC test program 2013

Diesel NOx emissions higher than in real world?

RDE implementation Motivation to measure on the road

10

CO2 and NOx emissions in lab and on road

Test with two Diesel vehicles in the laboratory (NEDC and WLTP cycle) and on the road (RDE)

Diesel vehicle CO2 emissions stay on the same level

Diesel vehicle NOx emissions under real driving conditions are much more higher than the emissions values under laboratory conditions

Chassis dyno test not enough?

Development of RDE

Exhaust emissions should be measured under “normal driving conditions”


RDE implementation Working groups for LDV-RDE

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Background

Due to the European air quality targets the European Commission develops a complementary emissions test procedure for the type approval and in-service conformity testing of all LDVs

Goal of the procedure: Limitation of NOx + other pollutant emissions over a wide range of normal operating conditions

Implementation from 2014 onward

January 2011 RDE-LDV working group were established

Purpose: Support the technical development of the test procedure

Two test procedures were supposed:

1) Laboratory based testing – Random Cycle (RC)

2) On road emission testing – PEMS

Both test procedures were evaluated by JRC (PEMS) and vehicle manufactures (RC) in 2012

Result: PEMS testing was chosen as “golden” method

RC were kept as backup


RDE implementation

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1st Package

Development of basic technical test procedure w/o quantitative requirements

2nd Package

Definition of not-to-exceed (NTE) emission limits applicable to RDE testing

3rd Package

PN PEMS testing

Vehicle cold start

Regeneration event

RDE testing for hybrids

CoC (certificate of Conformity)

4th Package

In-use-conformity testing by OEMs and authority

Surveillance testing by “third party”

Four regulatory packages

RDE implementation

13

JAN FEB MAR APR MAI JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

MAI JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

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18 May 2015 1st regulatory package voted by TCMV(*)

28 October 2015 2nd regulatory package voted by TCMV(*)

10 November 2015 Green light of EU Council to 1st regulatory package

12 February 2016 Green light of EU Council to 2nd regulatory package

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03 February 2016 Green light of EU Parliament to 2nd regulatory package

10 March 2016 Transposition and adoption of 1st and 2nd regulatory packages as Commission regulation (EU) 2016/427

(*)Technical Committee Motor Vehicles

June 2016 Tentative to vote 3rd regulatory package by TCMV(*)

End 2016 / Begin 2017 Tentative to vote 4th regulatory package by TCMV

31 March 2016 Publication of Commission regulation (EU) 2016/427 in EU official journal

20 April 2016 Entry into force of Commission regulation (EU) 2016/427

Some important milestones

1. Introduction

3. Challenges faced

Chassis vs road Constant conditions vs variable conditions

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Route

Vehicle load

Style of driving

Environmental

conditions

Specified driving cycle Gradient / curve Road surface Route composition

Dyno force ist set to standard vehicle Weight, aerodynamic Additional power consumers (Air, heating…)

Dyno driver has to follow cycle within tolerance

Altitude

Temperature (20 – 30°C)

Driving style of driver

Temperature, altitude, wind Climate (humidity) Traffic conditions

Challenges Various challenges for PEMS measurement

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High challenges for PEMS measurement devices for RDE testing concerning hardware and software

Validation testing: PEMS vs. stationary system

Compliance of permissible tolerances

Test of vehicles on the road under “normal driving conditions”

Finding a test route which fulfills several requirements

Goal: Output of a test result “valid” or “invalid”

Limitation of “randomness” of RDE test

2 evaluation tools:

EMROAD from JRC (Moving Averaging Window)

CLEAR (or SPF) from TUG

Measurement device Data validation Test procedure Test result


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2 evaluation tools:




PEMS Challenges for hardware and software

Installation

Limitation of size and weight (minimum influence of vehicle emissions / performance, limited weight for tow bar installation)

Limitation of power supply (external batteries)

Way of cabling

Installation in different vehicle types for different applications (high flexibility is required)

Requirement from most European customers: Tow bar installation for all gaseous components due to safety issue

Installation of exhaust flow sensor to individual sizes of exhaust pipes consideration of multiple exhaust pipes RDE specification change (see next slide)


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Background: RDE regulation spec change for flow tube:

4 diameters / 150mm before flow sensor

4 diameters /150 mm after (whichever is larger)

Gaseous and PM/PN sampling must be sufficiently upstream of the exhaust outlet (sample dilution due to exhaust pulsing flow)

200mm or 3 pipe diameters, whichever is larger

OBS supports various types of flow meters

HORIBA patent No. JP 04447266 / US 7110878 / DE 6020004004709T

Gas sampling probe PN sampling probe

Flow sensing

element


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Twin pipes with dual pitot flow meter and y-line Installation of RDE compliant pitot flow meter with PN and Gas sample probe

PEMS

Robustness

Vibrations

Environmental conditions: Temperature, humidity, pressure (altitude)

Dust

Rain / snow / heat

Safety

Electrical: Battery type (Lead gel type / Li-Ion / NiMH)

Gas: Operating gas and exhaust gas

Installation: Outside on carrier (accidents)

Easy handling

User friendly

Quick and easy installation to different car types

Intuitive user interface and test sequence

Easy to understand for non professional

Software

Real time data management

Support during driving

Data post processing and analysis of failures

Improvement of test route

Interpretation of test results

Challenges for hardware and software

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2 evaluation tools:




Data validation PEMS vs. laboratory reference system

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Comparison of HORIBAs MEXA vs. OBS-ONE on chassis dyno

Test car: 1

Test cycle: NEDC

Test devices: OBS-ONE-GS with FID module and Pitot Flow Meter (type B short) for exhaust flow measurement

MEXA-ONE bag results

HC [g/km]

Permissible

Tolerance

CO [g/km]

Permissible

Tolerance

CO2 [g/km]

Permissible

Tolerance NOx [g/km]

Permissible

Tolerance

Bag 0.019

15 % or

±15 mg/km

0.155

15 % or

±150 mg/km

129.62

10 % or

±10 g/km

0.012

15 % or

±15 mg/km OBS-ONE 0.020 0.156 134.40 0.015

Deviation 5.2 % 0.6 % 3.7 % 0.003 g/km

Data validation PEMS vs. laboratory reference system

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Comparison of HORIBAs MEXA vs. OBS-ONE on chassis dyno

Test car: 1

Test cycle: WLTC

Test devices: OBS-ONE-GS and Pitot Flow Meter (type B long) for exhaust flow measurement

MEXA-ONE bag results

CO [g/km]

Permissible

Tolerance CO2 [g/km]

Permissible

Tolerance NOx [g/km]

Permissible

Tolerance

Bag 0.162

15 % or

±150 mg/km

124.22

10 % or

±10 g/km

0.014

15 % or

±15 mg/km OBS-ONE 0.146 116.0 0.015

Deviation 9.7 % 6.6 % 7.14 %


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2 evaluation tools:




Test time and ambient conditions

Test time: 90 – 120 min

Altitude: Normal ~ 700 m Extended 700 m ~ 1300 m

Temperature: Normal 0 ~ 30 °C Extended -7 °C ~ 35 °C

Monitoring phase: 2 ~ 30 °C - 3 °C ~ 35 °C

Start and end point shall not differ by more than 100 m above sea level

If periodic generation occurs test should be repeated

Test shall be conducted on paved roads and streets on working days

Test procedure Normal and extended test conditions

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Typical European conditions might not be possible for India

Trip requirements

Test procedure Normal and extended test conditions

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Urban 0 – 60 km/h

Minimum 16 km

34 % ±10

Average speed 15 – 30 km/h

Shall not be < 29 % of total trip distance

Shall include several stop periods (< 1km/h)

At least 10 % of time duration of urban

10s or longer and less than 80 % of total stop time of urban part

Rural 60 – 90 km/h

Minimum 16 km

33 % ±10

Motorway 90 – 145 km/h

Minimum 16 km

33 % ±10

Cover 90 – 110 km/h

> 100 km/h for min. 5 min

Max. speed may be exceeded for no more than 3 % of time duration

of motorway

Trip Composition - Distance

37.00 %

13.0 km

100.00 %

Urban

Rural

Motorway

0.00 %

100.00 %0.00 %

100.00 %0.00 %

47.00 %

16.5 km

16.00 %

5.6 km

00:56:36Km/h

105.17km

35.0Max SpeedDistanceDuration Time

19.43 km/h

30.57 km/h

Above 100 km/h : 00:01:52

Average :

Urban

Cold Start

Duration Time :

Engine Coolant Temp. : 105.15 deg C

00:56:36

Valid Data

Test procedure Finding suitable test route

Test route HORIBA - Oberursel

Urban

Rural

Motorway


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2 evaluation tools:




Moving Average Window (MAW)

Was developed by JRC

Was selected as reference tool from EU commission

CO2 based windows

Standardized Wheel Power Frequency Distribution Method (SPF)

Was developed by technical University

Weighting emission data using a target frequency map

Test result Two evaluations methods are defined

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Test result Challenge to get a valid test

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Things to consider

Moderate driving (not too aggressive, not too slow)

Chose routes without traffic jams

Avoid stopping / urban phases in rural part

1. Introduction

4. Summary

Challenges for on board testing

PEMS has been successfully applied to In Service Conformity and also Type Approval confirmation for on road HD vehicles in the USA and Europe

Application of PEMS for other automotive applications already in place for the USA and planned for Europe

Light Duty Vehicles (RDE-LDV)

Non Road Mobile Machinery

Marine: inland waterway craft

Utility engines

Locomotive

Aircraft

PEMS design and accessories will need to be adapted for the wide variety of automotive / ICE applications, test formats and scenarios (HORIBA OBS-ONE is a modular system)

Summary Use of PEMS is increasing

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1. Introduction

5. Outlook

Engine

Powertrain

VETS

Vehicle

Powertrain

Engine

Gear Box

E Motor

Brake

Catalyst

Engine Test

Transmission Test

E-Motor Test

Brake Test

Catalyst Test

Chassis Test

Powertrain Test

Cat/Battery Model

Engine/Emission Model

Vehicle/Tire Model

On Board Test

Test Data

(Parameter / Result)

OBS-ONE

HORIBA

DB

Analysis Software

Example: OBS Post

Processing

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Outlook Future data management

http://www.easyvectors.com/assets/images/vectors/afbig/lcd-monitor-clip-art.jpg



A complete package for RDE tests on the road is only one part of HORIBA´s integrated solution

For verification and further research activities it is urgently required to bring RDE back on the chassis dynamometer (“Road-to-rig”)

In order to take the variety of boundary conditions, e.g. altitude profile, into account, the conventional control of the test bench needs an upgrading of defined additional loads that occur under real road conditions.

Outlook

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Road to Rig

Contact HORIBA Europe GmbH Hans-Mess-Straße 6 61440 Oberursel (Germany) Phone: +49 6172-1396-0 Fax: +49 6172-1373-85

www: http://www.horiba.com

http://www.horiba.com/

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Danke Большое спасибо

Grazie

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谢谢

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ありがとうございました

धनयवाद

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Cảm ơn

Dziękuję

Tack ska ni ha

Thank you

Merci

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Documents

LEARNING OF EUROPEAN RDE IMPLEMENTATION & … BALTES.pdf · 1) Laboratory based testing – Random Cycle (RC) 2) On road emission testing – PEMS Both test procedures were evaluated