Learning Objective 1 List the four basic responsibilities of

the police

The Responsibilities of the Police① Enforce laws

Viewed as primary role, but police spend little time in this capacity

② Provide services Overshadowed by crime-fighting role, but police

spend most of their time servicing the community

③ Prevent crime Police prevent crime, in part by preserving the

peace

④ Preserve the peace Often involves “handling the situation”

A History of the American Police The early American police experience mirrored the

English system Watch System:

The First Police Department

Population growth created a need to establish formal police forces

Learning Objective 2 Tell how the patronage system

affected policing

A History of the American Police Recruitment and promotion of police was linked to

politics Patronage system

Form of corruption in which the political party in power hires and promotes police officers, receiving job-related favors in return

Prevalent during the Political Era of Policing

Resulted in the professionalization of policing that is reflected in both the Reform and Community Eras of Policing

The Modernization of the American Police Professionalism

Administrative Reforms

Turmoil in the 1960s

The Challenges of Anti-Terrorism

Technology

Learning Objective 3 Explain how intelligence-led policing

works and how it benefits modern police departments

Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP) Behavior is not as random as we think

Can rely on data concerning past crime patterns to predict future crime patterns Benefits

Allows police departments to be more effective in responding to and deterring crime while using fewer resources

ILP requires that police be proactive, sometimes gathering intelligence in the absence of a criminal predicate. Critics fear ILP will lead to civil rights violations. As quoted by Harry Truman “In a free country we punish men for the crimes they commit but never for the opinions they have.” What civil liberties may be jeopardized by ILP

activities? How can police departments engage in effective

intelligence efforts while upholding our civil liberties? Is it even possible?

Recruitment and Training Basic requirements

U.S. Citizen No felony convictions Have a driver’s license At least 21 years of age Meet weight and eyesight requirements

Other conditions Background check Physical agility exam Educational requirements Successful completion of police academy and

training

Learning Objective 4 Identify the differences between the

police academy and field training as learning tools for recruits

Training Two major components:

① Academy training Recruits learn the essentials of police work in a

controlled, militarized environment

② Field training Recruit is paired with experienced police officer and

has opportunity to apply what was learned in the academy “to the streets”

Women and Minorities in Policing Today Since the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the number of

women and minority police officers has been slowly increasing

Integrated police departments are better able to establish good relationships with diverse citizenry More effective at maintaining law and order

Learning Objective 5

Working Women: Gender and Law Enforcement Challenges facing female officers

They must constantly “prove” that they are suited for the rigors of police work

Tokenism The belief that they were hired/promoted to fulfill

diversity requirements

Most negative attitudes towards female officers is based on prejudice Very little difference between the performance of

men and women in uniform

Bratton, while Chief of the L.A.P.D., wanted female officers in every part of the department, including the SWAT team. He proposed changes to the selection process, including eliminating some of the rigorous testing that focused on physical prowess/tactical acumen while placing more emphasis on negotiating skills, patience, and empathy. He was criticized as trying to be politically correct and many argued that such changes lower the standards for getting into SWAT. Do you agree with Bratton or his critics? Why or why

not? Does it surprise you that the most vocal critics of the

proposal were the SWAT team members’ wives?

Law Enforcement Agencies There are over 18,000 law enforcement agencies in

the United States, employing more than 1.1 million people About 1,481 special police agencies 12,766 local police departments Roughly 3,063 sheriff’s departments 49 state police departments 70 federal law enforcement agencies

Learning Objective 6 Indicate some of the most important

law enforcement agencies under the control of the Department of Homeland Security

Federal Law Enforcement Agencies The Department of Homeland Security is the

newest cabinet-level department designed to

coordinate federal efforts to fight terrorism

Agencies under the direction of DHS include

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (BCP)

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

The U.S. Secret Service

DHS’s social-media operation is under scrutiny by both the public and lawmakers. Although DHS claimed its program collects information necessary to accomplish its mission, recently released DHS documents suggest much more is being collected. DHS paid a contracting firm 11 million dollars to collect information from Facebook, Twitter, Wikileaks, Drudge Reports and other websites on media reports that reflect adversely on the U.S. Government and DHS. Does it make you uncomfortable to know that DHS

officials might be reading your Facebook status updates, analyzing them, and possibly collecting them for future purposes?

Should DHS have the authority to monitor the internet for criticism of the government?

Learning Objective 7 Identify the duties of the FBI

FBI Duties Has jurisdiction nearly 200 federal crimes

Provides support to local and state law enforcement agencies Assistance with missing persons Identifying the victims of disasters

Provides services (at no cost) to local and state law enforcement agencies Maintains a database of fingerprint information FBI laboratory (the largest crime lab in the world) National Crime Information Center

Learning Objective 8 Analyze the importance of private

security today

Private Security The function of private security is to

deter crime rather than stop it

Security officers only report crimes, and in some cases, make citizens’ arrests Over $100 billion spent each year Over 10,000 U.S. private security firms 1.1 million people employed in security

each year

Private Security Factors fueling the expansion of private

security Public’s increased fear of crime The problem of crime in the workplace Increased demand due to budget cuts and

reductions in the number of public police Awareness of private security products and

services as cost-effective protective measures