Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingLearning … It’s a Behavioral Thing

Classical ConditioningOperant ConditioningVicarious Learning

Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingLearning … It’s a Behavioral Thing

Stimulus – what happens to an individual

Reinforcer – a stimulus that promotes the chance a behavior will happen again

Response – the action or reaction of an individual

Conditioning – Learning process

Terminology

Learning … It’s a Behavioral Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingThing

Classical Conditioning

•Start with a conditioned response (something you already know)

•Add stimulus you don’t respond to

•You learn to respond to new stimulus

•(Examples: Pavlov’s dogs, value money, letting someone like you, etc.)

Learning … It’s a Behavioral Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingThing

Classical Conditioning

Most of our values and fears come from classical conditioning.

Learning … It’s a Behavioral Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingThing

Classical Conditioning

Desensitization(Reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed.)

Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingLearning … It’s a Behavioral Thing

Operant Conditioning The individual (trainee) initiates the

behavior we want or a behavior similar to what we want.

We provide an immediate reinforcement.

The behavior will repeat

Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingLearning … It’s a Behavioral Thing

Shaping– Gradually molding responses to a final

desired pattern.

Chaining– Determining the order of behaviors to

be learned to produce the desired outcome.

Operant Conditioning

Learning … It’s a Behavioral Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingThing

Operant Conditioning

Operant extinction – Learned responses

that are not reinforced gradually fade away.

Negative Reinforcement – that

which occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event

Learning … It’s a Behavioral Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingThing

Operant Reinforcers

Primary Reinforcers – Natural,

biological (air, food, water, sex, etc.)

Secondary Reinforcers – these are

all learned … examples: money, praise, attention, inclusion, grades, etc.

Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingLearning … It’s a Behavioral Thing

• Fixed Ratio - a set number of correct responses equal a reinforcer

• Variable Ratio - a varied number of correct responses equal a reinforcer

• Fixed Interval - reinforcer is given after a specific length of time after the correct response

• Variable Interval - reinforcer is given after a varied length of time after the correct response

Partial Reinforcement

Learning … It’s a Behavioral Learning … It’s a Behavioral ThingThing

Vicarious Learning

• Observing the behavior of someone else and the consequences of their behavior and directing our own behavior according to these observation.

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