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Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis 1,2 , Derek Nowrouzehahrai 1,3,4 , Simon Breslav 1,5 , Aaron Hertzmann 1 1 University of Toronto, 2 Stanford University, 3 Disney Research Zurich, 4 University of Montreal, 5 Autodesk Research

Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

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Page 1: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces

Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,Simon Breslav1,5, Aaron Hertzmann1

1University of Toronto, 2Stanford University, 3Disney Research Zurich, 4University of Montreal, 5Autodesk Research

Page 2: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Exemplar shape Artist’s illustration

Goal: Synthesis of hatching illustrations

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Exemplar shape Artist’s illustration

Learnedmodel of hatching

Goal: Synthesis of hatching illustrations

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Exemplar shape Artist’s illustration

Learnedmodel of hatching

Goal: Synthesis of hatching illustrations

Input shape Synthesized illustration

Page 5: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Challenge: understanding hatching styles

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Related work: hatching smooth surfacesIso-parametric curves [Saito and Takahashi 1990, Winkenbach and Salesin 1996]

Page 7: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Related work: hatching smooth surfacesIso-parametric curves [Saito and Takahashi 1990, Winkenbach and Salesin 1996]

Smooth curvature directions and shading-based tone [Elber 1998, Hertzmann and Zorin 2000]

Page 8: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Related work: hatching smooth surfacesIso-parametric curves [Saito and Takahashi 1990, Winkenbach and Salesin 1996]

Smooth curvature directions and shading-based tone [Elber 1998, Hertzmann and Zorin 2000]

Shading gradients[Singh and Schaefer 2010]

Page 9: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Related work: hatching smooth surfacesIso-parametric curves [Saito and Takahashi 1990, Winkenbach and Salesin 1996]

Smooth curvature directions and shading-based tone [Elber 1998, Hertzmann and Zorin 2000]

Shading gradients[Singh and Schaefer 2010]

Real-time hatching[Praun et al. 2001, Kim et al. 2008]

Page 10: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Related work: hatching smooth surfaces

Artist’s illustration

Smoothed curvature directions Smoothed image gradients[Hertzmann and Zorin 2000] [Singh and Schaefer 2010]

Page 11: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Related work: where do people draw lines?

Average images composed of artists’ drawings

Predicted line drawing  

[Cole et al. 2008]

Page 12: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Our approach

Learns a model of hatching style from a single artist’s drawing of an input shape

Page 13: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Our approach

Learns a model of hatching style from a single artist’s drawing of an input shape

Can transfer the hatching style to different views of the exemplar shape as well as different shapes

Page 14: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Our approach

Learns a model of hatching style from a single artist’s drawing of an input shape

Can transfer the hatching style to different views of the exemplar shape as well as different shapes

The hatching style is determined by hatching properties related to hatching tone and orientations

Page 15: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Hatching properties

Hatching level

No hatchingHatchingCross‐hatching

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Hatching properties

Hatching levelStroke thickness

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Hatching properties

Hatching levelStroke thicknessStroke spacing

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Hatching properties

Hatching levelStroke thicknessStroke spacingStroke length

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Hatching properties

Hatching levelStroke thicknessStroke spacingStroke lengthStroke intensity

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Hatching properties

Hatching levelStroke thicknessStroke spacingStroke lengthStroke intensityHatching orientations

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Hatching properties

Hatching levelStroke thicknessStroke spacingStroke lengthStroke intensityHatching orientations

Artist’s illustrationComputer‐generated

illustration

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Learning stage

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Learning stage

Thickness Spacing Intensity

Length OrientationsHatching level

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Learning stage

Shape features

Image‐space features

Thickness Spacing Intensity

Length OrientationsHatching level

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Learning stage

Hatching properties

y

Shape and image descriptors 

x

Hatching properties

y

Shape and image features

x

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Learning stage

Hatching properties

y

Shape and image features

x

y = f(x)

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Linear model expressing hatching orientations as a weighted sum of selected orientation features.

Learning hatching orientations

Page 28: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Linear model expressing hatching orientations as a weighted sum of selected orientation features.

Learning hatching orientations

Page 29: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Learning hatching orientations

Artist’s illustration Fitting a single model across the illustration

Page 30: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Learning orientation fields

Artist’s illustration

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Mixture of experts model

Simultaneous segmentation & model fitting for each segment

Page 32: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Learning stroke properties

Map features to thickness, intensity, spacing, length

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Map features to thickness, intensity, spacing, length

Learning stroke properties

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Map features to thickness

Learning stroke properties

Extracted thickness Learned thickness

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Map features to intensity

Learning stroke properties

Extracted intensity Learned intensity

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Map features to spacing

Learning stroke properties

Extracted spacing Learned spacing

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Map features to length

Learning stroke properties

Extracted length Learned length

Page 38: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Learning hatching level and segment labels

Map features to discrete values with Joint Boosting + CRF

Extracted hatching level  Learned hatching level 

No hatching

Hatching

Cross‐hatching

Page 39: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Synthesis stage

Page 40: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Synthesis stage

Thickness Spacing Hatching level 

Intensity Length Orientations

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Synthesis stage

Thickness Spacing Hatching level 

Intensity Length Orientations

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

Page 45: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Artist’s illustration

Page 46: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Artist’s illustration

Page 47: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Artist’s illustration

Page 48: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Artist’s illustration

Page 49: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

Page 53: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Artist’s illustration

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Analysis of features used

Orientation features:

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Analysis of features used

Orientation features:• Principal curvatures

and local symmetry axes dominate

Page 64: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Analysis of features used

Orientation features:• Principal curvatures

and local symmetry axes dominate

• Also orientations aligned with feature lines are also important

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Analysis of features usedHatching level: image intensity, shading featuresStroke thickness: shape descriptors, curvature, shading features, image gradients, location of feature lines, depthSpacing: shape descriptors, curvature, derivatives of curvature, shading featuresIntensity: shape descriptors, image intensity, shading features, depth, location of feature linesLength: shape descriptors, curvature, radial curvature, shading feature, image intensity, image gradientSegment label: shape descriptors

Page 66: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Summary

• An algorithm that learns hatching styles

Page 67: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Summary

• An algorithm that learns hatching styles

• Learns from a single drawing

Page 68: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Summary

• An algorithm that learns hatching styles

• Learns from a single drawing

• Synthesizes hatching illustrations in the input artist’s style for novel views and shapes

Page 69: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Limitations

• We do not always exactly match the artist’s illustration -aspects of hatching style are lost

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Limitations

• We do not always exactly match the artist’s illustration -aspects of hatching style are lost

• Pre-processing stage relies on thresholds to robustly extract hatching properties.

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Limitations

• We do not always exactly match the artist’s illustration -aspects of hatching style are lost

• Pre-processing stage relies on thresholds to robustly extract hatching properties.

• Computation time is large (5h-10h for training, 0.5-1h for synthesis)

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Future Work

• Analyze larger set of drawings

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Future Work

• Analyze larger set of drawings

• Extend our framework to analyze other forms of art

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Future Work

• Analyze larger set of drawings

• Extend our framework to analyze other forms of art

• Applications to field design on surfaces

Page 75: Learning hatching pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaceskalo/papers/MLHatching/ML...Learning hatching for pen-and-ink illustrations of surfaces Evangelos Kalogerakis1,2, Derek Nowrouzehahrai1,3,4,

Thank you!

Acknowledgements:Seok-Hyung Bae, Patrick Coleman, Vikramaditya Dasgupta, Mark Hazen,

Thomas Hendry, Olga Vesselova, Olga Veksler, Robert Kalnins, Philip Davidson, David Bourguignon, Xiaobai Chen, Aleksey Golovinskiy,

Thomas Funkhouser, Andrea Tagliasacchi, Richard Zhang, Aim@Shape, VAKHUN, Cyberware repositories


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