Learning Goal 1 – Plant Classification

Transition to Life on Land Early Adaptations – Vascular Tissue – Root and Shoot Systems -

Nonvascular Plants Features – Mosses –

Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails –

Complex frond leaves – Gymnosperms

Features – Modern Gymnosperms- Conifers –

AngiospermsFeatures –Monocots –Eudicots –

Unit IIPlants

Learning Goal 1

Classify plants into their various groups.

Transition to Life on Land

• Early AdaptationsCuticle – an outer waxy layer that prevents water loss.Stomata – tiny passageways through cuticle-covered surfaces.

Lignin – A tough polymer that strengthens the walls of plant cells.

Apical meristem – a region of unspecialized cells near the tips of shoots and roots that divide and differentiate to form all plant tissues.

• Vascular TissueDefinition – Lignified, tube-like structures that branch throughout the plant body, conducting water and solutes.Xylem – Distributes water and dissolved minerals up through the plant from the roots.Phloem – Distributes sugars that are manufactured during photosynthesis in the leaves down through the plant.

• Root and Shoot SystemsRoots - structures that anchor a plant into the soil and absorb water and nutrients. They comprise a root system with a large surface area.Shoots – the above-ground portion of plants that consist of stems and leaves and function in absorption of light energy and carbon dioxide.

Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)

• Features

Found in wet to moist

habitats

Flagellated sperm without vascular system

No true roots, leaves, or stems

Liverworts

Hornworts

Mosses

• Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)

• Most resemble vascular plants.

Ecological functions include soil production and primary producers in harsh conditions.

Seedless Vascular Plants(Pterophytes)

• Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails

– Vascular seedless plants– Abundant during

carboniferous as trees– Formed coal fossils (with

lycophyta) • Complex frond leaves

– Node: Point on stem where leaf attaches

– Sorus on fronds

Gymnosperms

FeaturesNaked seed plantsPollen grains produce nonmotile sperm– Pollination: Transfer of pollen to female

reproductive parts, no water required

Ovule – Female structure that produces eggs.– Modern gymnosperms are all woody species:

Cycads

Ginkgoes: One living species, Gingko biloba

Gnetophytes

Conifers

- Woody reproductive cones

- Most are evergreen

(shed some but not all

leaves each year)

- Needle leaves

- Many produce resin

Angiosperms (Anthophyta)

Features

Flowering plants with

covered seeds

Carpels (specialized leaves) protects

ovules and seeds

Flowers contain carpels at their center

Fruit structure nourishes and disperses seeds

Coevolution with Animal Pollinators

Two Groups of Angiosperms

• Monocots (single cotyledon)

Leaves have parallel veins

Fibrous roots

Flowers with petals in multiples of 3

• Eudicots

2 cotyledons

Leaves have branched veins

Taproot system

Flowers with petals in multiples of 4 or 5

LG 1 Vocab Terms

1. Cuticle –

2. Stomata –

3. Vascular Tissue –

4. Lignin –

5. Root/Shoot Systems –

6. Bryophytes –

7. Pterophytes –

8. Gymnosperms –

9. Angiosperms –10. Monocots/Eudicots –