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Learning Disabilities
Sandy CarlsonAmber Elliott
Lindsay GranquistRegis Whaley
Why DiscussLearning Disabilities?
Learning disabilities affect millions of children in schools today.
Learning disabilities don’t hinder just school performance; they affect self-esteem and can have serious effects on functioning in society.
We, as a society, have a duty to separate children with learning disabilities from “problem” children.
OutlineI. Description of Learning Disabilities
A. DefinitionB. Types of Learning DisabilitiesC. Prevalence
II. ComorbidityIII. EtiologyIV. InterventionsV. Case StudyVI. Q & A Session
Description ofLearning Disorders
DSM-IV criteria for diagnosisBelow average intellectual function
resulting in significant impairment of adaptive skills
Difficulties can’t be due to lack of opportunity, poor teaching, cultural factors, mental retardation, pervasive development disorders, or sensory deficit
Differential diagnosis: check for mental retardation, pervasive development disorders, and communication disorder before diagnosing a learning disorder
Description ofLearning Disorders (Cont’d)
Four main types of learning disordersReading DisorderMathematics DisorderDisorder of Written ExpressionExpressive Language Disorder
Mixed Expressive and Receptive Language Disorder
Reading Disorder Dyslexia
International Dyslexia Association• “Specific learning disability that is
neurological in nature”• “Characterized by difficulties with accurate
and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities”
Mathematics Disorder Description
Condition in which child’s mathematical ability is significantly below expected level
SymptomsDifficulties with mathematics early in lifeLow scores in mathematics
Disorder of Written Expression Description
Characterized by poor writing skills Symptoms
Poor spelling, punctuation, and/or grammar
Lack of organization and coherence in writing
Expressive Language Disorder Description
Condition characterized by below average proficiency in vocabulary, production of complex sentences, and word recall
SymptomsLow vocabulary skillsImproper use of tensesPoor ability to produce complex
sentencesPoor word recall
Mixed Expressive & Receptive Language Disorder
Combination of Expressive and Receptive Language Disorders
Receptive Language Disorder rarely found on its own
Assessments Test of Written Language, Third
Edition(TOWL-3)
Gray Oral Reading Test, Third Edition(GORT-3)
Wide Range Achievement Test, Third Edition(WRAT-3)
Prevalence ofLearning Disabilities
Overall: 5% of school-aged children Reading Disorder: 4%, 70% males Mathematics Disorder: 1-6% Disorder of Written Expression: 2-8% Expressive Language Disorder: 4% Mixed Expressive and Receptive
Language Disorder: 2-3%
Etiology Pre- or postnatal brain damage Errors in brain development Chemical imbalances in brain Heredity
Learning disabilities exacerbated by environmental factors
Educational Achievement
Adequate Inadequate
Educational Opportunity
Inadequate Adequate
PNS FunctioningCompensatory Program
Inadequate Adequate
Cognitive FunctioningMedical Treatment or Support Services
Inadequate Adequate
Special Ed.
Neuropsychological/neuropsychiatric functioning
Detecting a Learning Disability
Adapted from Disorders of Learning in Childhood
(Silver & Hagin, 2002)
Comorbidity ofLearning Disabilities
Other learning disorders Pervasive development disorders Conduct disorders ADHD Major depressive disorder Communication disorder Developmental coordination disorder
Effects of Learning Disorderson the Individual
Low self-esteem Feelings of incompetence Difficulties with social skills
Interventions for Childrenwith Learning Disabilities
Mathematics DisorderTypes of problems encountered
• Semantic memory problems• Procedural deficits• Visuospatial problems
AssessmentInterventions
• Drill and practice activities• Positive practice
Reading DisordersRobinson & Robinson (1978): SQ3ROgle (1986): KWLManzo (1969): Request ProcedureEllis (1991): Muscle Reading ApproachLanger (1981): PRePMerritt, Barton & Culatta (1998): “What?
So what?”Positive practice
Interventions for Childrenwith Learning Disabilities (Cont’d)
Disorder of Written ExpressionHandwriting
• Connected printOrganization
• Mapping ideasOther
• Paraphrasing strategies• Learning content• Monitoring written errors
Interventions for Childrenwith Learning Disabilities (Cont’d)
Receptive Language Disorder, Mixed Receptive & Expressive Language DisorderSelf-recording (e.g. Blick & Test [1987])Mnemonic techniques
Interventions for Childrenwith Learning Disabilities (Cont’d)
Case Study What’s wrong with Bobby? How do we fix the problem?
Q & A Session
The End
Thank you!
[Applause and cheering]