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Learning & DevelopmentLEA
RNING&DEVELO
PMENT
Greenkeeper Education and Development Fund
UnlockthedoorstoprogressthroughBIGGA’SEducationandDevelopmentFund–thekeytoagreatfutureforgreenkeepers,golfclubsandthegameofgolf.
GoldenandSilverKeyMembershipisavailabletobothcompaniesandindividuals.
Fordetails,[email protected]
Golden Key Supporters
Golden Key Company MembersCompany Tel:HeadOfficeAGCO(MasseyFerguson) 02476851286JohnDeereLtd 01949860491Kubota(UK)Ltd 01844214500PGAEuropeanTour 01344842881RigbyTaylorLtd 01204677777ScottsUKProfessional 01473830492RansomesJacobsenLtd 01473270000TheToroCompany/LelyUK 01480226800
Golden Key Individual MembersJHFry;JHGreasley;WJRogers;ChrisYeaman;AndyCampbellMG,CGCS;IainAMacleod;TomSmith;BruceCruickshank;FrankNewberry;AndrewCornes;ChristopherLomasMG.
Silver Key Supporters
Silver Key Company MembersCompany Tel:HeadOfficeBernhardandCompanyLtd 01788811600ErnestDoe&Sons 01245380311GeneralLegalProtectionLtd 01904611600HayterLtd 01279723444HeathLambertGroup 01132461313NovozymesBiologicals 01789290906Rainbird 01273891326Symbio 01372456101SyngentaProfessionalProducts 0041613233028TurftraxGroupLtd 01722434000
Silver Key Individual MembersCliveAArcher;DouglasGDuguid;RobertMaibuschMG;StevenTierney;RogerBarker;IanSemple;PaulJenkins;RobertHogarth;NichollasGray;TrevorSmith;IainBarr;RichardMcGlynn;AlexMcCombie;PaulMurphy;ReaseheathCollege;SteveDixon;IanBenison.
financialdecisionmaking;theflowoffinance;capitalandrevenuesbudgets;analysingriskandcostbenefitanalysis.Theworkshopleaderswillencourageactiveparticipationandwillillustratetheorywithpracticalexamples.
Managing Relationships at Work
Theroleofamanagerischallengingenoughwithouthavingtodealwithconflictamongmembersofyourteam.Thistwo-dayworkshopwillexamineandhelptoresolvethosechallengingrelationshipsthatcanoccurintheworkplace.Presentedinanengagingandinformalenvironmentthisisa‘mustattend’workshopforallthoseleadingandmanagingteams.
The Minefield of Appraisals!
Appraisalsarerecognisedbyleadingmanagementgurusasthemostpowerfulandusefultoolformanagingasuccessfulandefficientteamwhenconductedandusedinaneffectivemanner.Thisone-dayworkshopwillhelpdelegatestounderstandtheimportanceofappraisals,howtoconductthemandhowtousetheoutcomestomakeadifference.
Stress Awareness Workshop
Stresscancauseuntoldproblemswithintheworkplace.Thisone-dayworkshopwillhelpdelegatesrecognisestressinthemselvesandothersandwillprovideapracticalguidetodevelopingskillsandstrategiesforchange.
TheContinuetoLearnSeminarProgrammeTheSeminarProgrammecommencesonTuesday22January2008andoffersawidearrayofsubjectsforallwhoareattendingHarrogateWeek.Adiscountschemeisinplaceforbookingsoftwoormoreseminars:
Forafulllistofseminarspleasevisitwww.harrogateweek.org.uk
TocheckavailabilityforanyoftheContinuetoLearnWorkshopsandSeminarscontactRachaelDuffyon:01347833800ext:522.
SAMI COLLINS, HEAD OF LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT, PROVIDES AN UPDATE
It’sunbelievabletothinkthatChristmasandHarrogateWeekarebothjustaroundthecorner.Ihavelistsgaloreforeverythingyoucanpossiblyimaginesothathopefullynothinggetsforgotten!
TheContinuetoLearnEducationProgrammehasbeenverywellreceivedandplacesaresellingfastontheworkshopprogramme,keepingRachaelbusyprocessingthebookingforms.Wewillseethewelcomereturnofsomeofourbestsellingworkshopsandtheintroductionofnewsubjectsthataimtoensureyouareequippedtohandlethemanagementtasksexpectedintoday’scommercialenvironment.
An Introduction to Golf Course Design
Thisinteractive,two-dayworkshopwillstudydetaileddesignmethodsforgreens,tees,bunkers,constructionandirrigation.LeadbySimonGidmanandHowardSwan,delegateswillprepareanine-holelayoutofagolfcourseandalsolookatoneholefromtheirowngolfcourse,analysingitsdesignandhowimprovementscouldbemade.Onedesignwillbeselectedanddelegateswillbegiventheopportunitytoproducetherenovatedgreeninmodelform.
Environmental Management
Thistwo-dayworkshopwillprovideapractical,holisticandinteractivelookatEnvironmentalManagement.Tacklingareasincludingthedevelopmentofanecologicalmanagementplan,wastemanagement,energyefficiencyandenvironmentallegislation.Delegateswillalsohavetheopportunitytorequesttopicstobeincludedinthecoursebycompletingapre-workshopquestionnaire.
Health and Safety for Greenkeepers
Aninteractivetwo-dayworkshopdesignedtoaddresscurrenthealthandsafetyissues.ItwillfocusonhowtoenhanceyourHealthandSafetyplanningandrecordingandwillidentifycommonhazardsandtheissuessurroundingthem.ApracticalsafetytouroftheQueen’sSuiteandanoverviewoftheBIGGA/GCMASafetyManagementSystemwillbeincluded.
Are Your Finances Below Par?Thisone-dayworkshopisforGolfCourseManagers,GolfProfessionalsandClubManagersandwillexplorethewidercontextoffinancewithinthegolfindustry.Theworkshopwillcoverissuessuchastheimpactofexternalforceson
No.ofSeminars
1 2 3 4 5 6
FullPrice £25 £50 £75 £100 £125 £150
YouPay £25 £40 £55 £60 £65 £72
Discount% 0% 20% 27% 40% 48% 52%
Discount£ £0 £10 £20 £40 £60 £78
GreenkeeperInternational11
Membership
MEMBERSHIP
BIGGA WELCOMES
VANESSA DEPRE, MEMBERSHIP SERVICES OFFICER, PROVIDES AN UPDATE
BIGGA E-Newsletter Wewillbelaunchingane-newslettersoontokeepyoualluptodateonBIGGAaffairs.
IfyouwouldliketosubscribetoourE-Newsletterjustsendmeanemailon:[email protected].
Anysuggestionsconcerningthecontentwouldalsobeappreciated.
Time’s Running Away Don’tforgettogetthoserenewalsinassoonaspossibleifyoudon’twanttolosetheBIGGAmembershipbenefitsyouarecurrentlygetting.Ifyou’velostyourrenewalformjustringusandwe’llsendyouanewone.
Ifyoudon’twanttopayyoursubscriptionfeeallinonegoyoucanpayusinfiveor10instalmentsbyDirectDebit.IfyouwantaDirectDebitInstructionformgetintouchwithuson:01347833800andwe’llgetonetoyouimmediately.
IfyouarepayingyourownBIGGAMembershipsubscriptionfeesyoucanapplytothetaxofficeforarefundof23%ofthesubscriptionamount.IfyouareaHeadGreenkeeperorCourseManagerpaying£121thenthiscouldsaveyounearly£28.
ThisisbecauseBIGGAisrecognisedbytheInlandRevenueasalegitimateprofessionalbody.Membershipfeestosuchbodiesareeligiblefortaxrelief.Allyouneedtodoisgetaformfromusandsendthecompletedformtoyourlocaltaxoffice.
Ifyouareretiringorleavingthetrade,youdon’thavetosaygoodbyetoyourBIGGAMembership.TherearemanydifferenttypesofmembershipsthatBIGGAcanofferyou-
SCOTTISHREGION
GRANTDAVIS East
JAMESADAMSON East
JOHNMULLEN Central
CHRISTOPHERROSE Central
NORTHERNREGION
LIIONKERRY NorthWales
JONATHANHUTCHINSON NorthWest
CHRISTOPHERKIRK NorthWest
BRETTHANNAH NorthWest
STUARTMACDONALD NorthWales
ROBERTNEWALL NorthWales
KYLEDENT NorthWales
JOHNROWBOTTOM Northern
DAVIDSHAW Northern
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MIDLANDREGION
TOMEVANS Berks/Bucks&Oxon
FRANKLEWIS Midland
SCOTTHOWARD Midland
RAYMONDTAYLOR Midland
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CLINTONPARRISH EastMidland
SOUTHEAST
IANLORD London
JOHNHAWKINS Surrey
JAMESARNEIL Surrey
DAVIDBIRCHENOUGH Surrey
JAMESWEBSTER Surrey
JAMESMASON Surrey
LOUISAYRES Surrey
NICHOLASBAKER Surrey
SOUTHWEST&WALES
DANIELTOMBERRY SouthCoast
MARKDAVIES SouthWales
NORTHERNIRELAND
LEEMCCORD NorthernIreland
ASSOCIATE
RAYMONDSCAIFE NorthWest
CORPORATE
PATALLAN Ayrshire
STUDENT
CRAIGHARRISON NorthWest
THOMASJACQUES NorthWest
CHRISJOYCE SouthCoast
GOLDKEYMEMBER
BRUCEDAWSON EastMidland
ForretiringgreenkeepersBIGGAoffersRetiredMembershipwithfullbenefitsorRetiredMembershipwithlimitedbenefits.
IfyouareleavingthegreenkeepingprofessionwhynotjoinBIGGAasanAssociateMembersoyoucanstillbeapartoftheAssociation.
Formoreinformationonanyoftheaboveyoucangiveusacallon:01347833800
British and International Golf Greenkeepers Association
MEMBERSHIP RENEWAL 2008Please complete fully in BLOCK CAPITALS
YOUR DETAILS
Mr Mrs Miss Ms Other (please state) Surname
Forename(s)
Address
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Tel (inc code) Mobile
Email Do you play golf? YES NO
YOUR EMPLOYMENT DETAILS
Job Title Golf Club Name
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FEES AND PAYMENT DETAILS Please complete both sections below
MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTION
UPGRADED MEMBERSHIP SUBSCRIPTION
Unqualified Member (aged 21 years and over) £59
Unqualified Member (aged 20 years and under) £30
Have you gained NVQ Level 2 or equivalent in the past year? If yes you canupgrade to Greenkeeper Membership by completing the section below,however you must send a copy of your certificate.
Course Manager £121 Head Greenkeeper £121
Deputy Course Manager £93 Deputy Head Greenkeeper £93
First Assistant £69
Greenkeeper (aged 21 years and over) £69
Greenkeeper (aged 20 years and under) £39
International Members £83
Silver Key - annual donations of £140 or over
Golden Key - annual donations £185 or over
PLEASE CHECK THE ABOVE CAREFULLY, IF ANY OF THE DETAILS ARE INCORRECT, PLEASE AMEND IN THE SPACE BELOW
Use this form only ifyou are renewingyour Membership
Return to: British & International Golf Greenkeepers Association,BIGGA HOUSE, Aldwark, Alne, York YO61 1UF Tel: 01347 833800 Fax: 01347 833801
I hereby apply to renew my membership of the British and International Golf GreenkeepersAssociation and confirm that I am currently working as a keeper of the green on a golf course.I agree to abide by the constitution and rules of the Association.
YOUR SIGNATURE
Admin No Expiry Date Magazine O/C Section GC ref Rec
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
The information on this form may be reproduced in a directory of members. Please tick this box if you wouldlike your email address included. Please tick this box if you do not wish your details to be disclosed.
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PAYMENT DETAILS
Please tick this box if you would like to subscribe to our E-newsletter
British and International Golf Greenkeepers Association
ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP RENEWAL 2008PLEASE CHECK THE DETAILS ON THIS FORM CAREFULLY
IF ANY OF THE DETAILS ARE INCORRECT, PLEASE WRITE THE CORRECT DETAILS IN THE SPACE BELOW
Company/Golf Club
Company/Golf Club address
Town Postcode
County Tel: (inc code)
Fax: (inc code) Email
Website Position
Type of business
Return to: British & International Golf Greenkeepers Association, BIGGA HOUSE, Aldwark, Alne, York YO61 1UF Tel: 01347 833800 Fax: 01347 833801
The information on this form may be reproduced in a directory of members. Please tick this box if you wouldlike your email address included. Please tick this box if you do not wish your details to be disclosed.
I hereby apply to renew my membership of the British & International GolfGreenkeepers Association and confirm that the details on this form are correct.I agree to abide by the constitution and rules of the Association.
Associate member £83(includes 12 months subscription to Greenkeeper International)
Silver Key Annual donations of £140 or over
Golden Key Annual donations of £185 or over
Signed
Dated
I enclose payment of (tick as appropriate):
I wish to continue paying by Direct Debit
I wish to set up a Direct Debit and enclose a mandate form
Cheque payable to BIGGA for £
Postal Order payable to BIGGA for £
Credit card payment (do not complete if wanting to pay by direct debit)
Visa / Mastercard / Switch / Delta for £
Card No. (Debit card = 16-20 digits)
Start date: Expiry date:
Card Security Number
Issue No (Switch/Delta only):
Please tick if receipt required
PAYMENT DETAILS2007 SUBSCRIPTIONS
Admin No Expiry Date Magazine O/C Section CO ref Receipt
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
Home address
Postcode Tel: (inc code)
Email Mobile
Preferred mailing address Home Company/Club
Do you play golf Yes No
Please tick this box if you would like to subscribe to our E-newsletter
British and International Golf Greenkeepers Association
GREENKEEPER MEMBERSHIP RENEWAL 2008Please complete fully in BLOCK CAPITALS
YOUR DETAILS
Mr Mrs Miss Ms Other (please state) Surname
Forename(s)
Address
Postcode
Tel (inc code) Mobile
Email Do you play golf? YES NO
YOUR EMPLOYMENT DETAILS
Job Title Golf Club Name
Golf Club Address Postcode
Tel (inc code) Tel (GK Dept) Email
FEES AND PAYMENT DETAILS Please complete both section below
FEES FOR 2007 SUBSCRIPTIONS
Which category of membership are you renewing?
Course Manager £121
Head Greenkeeper £121
Deputy Course Manager £93
Deputy Head Greenkeeper £93
First Assistant £69
Greenkeeper (aged 21 years and over) £69
Greenkeeper (aged 20 years and under) £39
International Members £83
Silver Key - annual donations of £140 or over
Golden Key - annual donations of £185 or over
Use this form onlyif you are renewingyour GreenkeeperMembership
PLEASE CHECK THE ABOVE CAREFULLY, IF ANY OF THE DETAILS ARE INCORRECT, PLEASE AMEND IN THE SPACE BELOW
I hereby apply to renew my membership of the British andInternational Golf Greenkeepers Association and confirm that I amcurrently working as a keeper of the green on a golf course. I agree toabide by the constitution and rules of the Association.
YOUR SIGNATURE
Admin No Expiry Date Magazine O/C Section CO ref Receipt
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY
Return to: British & International Golf Greenkeepers Association, BIGGA HOUSE, Aldwark, Alne, York YO61 1UF Tel: 01347 833800 Fax: 01347 833801
The information on this form may be reproducedin a directory of members. Please tick this box ifyou would like your email address included.Please tick this box if you do not wish yourdetails to be disclosed.
I enclose payment of (tick as appropriate):
I wish to continue paying by Direct Debit
I wish to set up a Direct Debit and enclose a mandate form
Cheque payable to BIGGA for £
Postal Order payable to BIGGA for £
Credit card payment (do not complete if wanting to pay by direct debit)
Visa / Mastercard / Switch / Delta for £
Card No. (Debit card = 16-20 digits)
Start date: Expiry date:
Card Security Number
Issue No (Switch/Delta only):
Please tick if receipt required
PAYMENT DETAILS
Please tick this box if you would like to subscribe to our E-newsletter
12GreenkeeperInternational
EDUCATION COURSES TO CHALLENGE YOUR MIND
The Minefield of Appraisals!
Environmental Management
Are Your Finances Below Par?
Noise & Vibration Management
Managing Relationships at Work
Current Environmental Legislation
Introduction to Golf Course Design
Terms and Conditions of Employment
Responsibilities & Managing Exposure
Pensionforce: Acknowledging the Message
Workplace Bullying: What You Can Do About It
20–24 January 2008
Visit www.bigga.org.uk
and check out the latest chat from the
greenkeeping industry
GreenkeeperInternational13
CONTINUETO
LEARN
RECONTOURING YOUR PROBLEM GREENSBy Tim Butler
Severe contours and slopes on golf greens are a commonly found problem, leading to limited locations for hole placement, excessive wear in certain locations on the green and frustration among many golfers.
Wehaveallplayedoncourseswhereatleastoneholewasalmostimpossibletoplay,withgolfballsoftenlandingnicelyonthegreenonlytorollmiserablyoff.Thisproblem,Ihavefoundfromexperience,isoftenapparentonoldercourses,which,whendesigned,wereplayableduetohighmowingheightspractisedatthetime.Howevermowingheightsofone-tenthincharenowcommonandballroll-speedshaveincreaseddramatically.
Whenmanyoldercourseswerebuilt,green-speedwasalsonotanissue.Inrecentyears,though,the‘needforspeed’hasreallycaughtonamongmanygolfersandtobehonestmanygreenkeepersandcoursemanagersarefacedwithdesperateplightstomaintainqualityplayingsurfacesinsituationswheretheholecanbelocatedinonlyaverylimitednumberofareas.
Thefirstthoughtthatspringstomanypeople’smindsisreconstruction,yetinrealitythisisnotfeasibleformanycourses.Mostcoursemanagersdonothavetheluxuryofbeingallowedtocloseparticulargreensformanymonthsonendinordertofacilitatecompletereconstruction.Andthecostisprohibitivetomanyintheindustry.
Thisiswheretheconceptofchangingthecontoursofproblemgreenscomesintoplay.Theidearevolvesaroundslightlychangingthearchitectureofproblemgreenstomakethemmoreplayablewithlesssevereslopes.Irealisethatcertaincourseswillnotbeabletochangetheirgreenarchitectureduetohistoricalreasons.Buttherewillbealargenumberwhowillprobablybeabletoslightlyaltertheirproblemgreenswithoutoverlychangingthecharacterofthecourse.
THE PROCESS
Ihavecomeacrossafewgolfcoursesthathavehadsimilarproblemsanddecidedtotrythismethod.TheyincludetheChevyChaseClubintheUSA.
Theconceptstartswithcarryingoutadetailedstudyofproblemgreenstogetanunderstandingoftheslopesonthegreen.
Atthisstage,asportsturfagronomistwithadeepknowledgeofrootzonespecificationsneedstobebroughtintogetanin-depthunderstandingofthesoilphysicalanalysis.Theagronomistneedstofindoutasmuchinformationaspossibleabouttheexistingrootzonebecausesomerootzonematerialwillneedtobeacquiredifitisdecidedtoraisepartofthegreenprofile.Itisimperativethatonefindsouttheexactpercentageofcourse,medium,fine,veryfine,siltandclayparticlesthatarepresentwithintherootzone.Oncethisisdone,theagronomistshouldbeabletosourcearootzonematerialorgetarootzonemixblendedforthepurpose.Iftheselectionprocessisnotcarriedoutproperly,thentheprojectwilllikelyturnintoafailurewithinafewyears.
Areasthatareexcessivelyhighmaypossiblybeloweredandlowareasmayberaised.Gradestakesareputinplacetoensurethatslopesandgradesaredelivered.Basicallytheturfgrassinareasthatareplannedtobechangedshouldbestrippedofftoadepthofaboutahalftooneinch(2).Asthisisbeingcarriedout,eachsodstripshouldbenumberedto
ensurethatitcanlaterbelaidbackexactlyinthepositionfromwhichitwasremoved(2).
Anymaterialremovedfromhighareasisusuallykepttofillinlowones,providedthattherootzoneissuitableandcontainsloworganicmatterlevelsandsoon.Itisimperativethattheunderlyinggravelanddrainagelayeronthegreenisnotdisturbedduringtheworkandextracaremustbetakentokeepheavymachineryoffthegreen.
Ifrootzonematerialisaddedtolow-lyingareas,thenadequaterollingorcompactingisneededtominimisesettlingeffectspriortore-installingthegreensod.Insomeinstances,coursesmayoptfornewsodinsteadoftheoriginal,whichisallrightprovidedthatcareistakentoensurethatthethicknessofsodwillmatchinwithdepthallowedforontherootzone.
Issueswithdifferencesingrasscolourareoftenexperiencedwhensodisimportedintothecourse.Thiscolourdifference,likelyduetonutrition,willdisappearovertime.Oncethesodhasbeensetinplace,someshrinkageislikelyandscalpingfrommowersshouldbeavoidedinordertokeepweedsoutandaidrecovery.
Oncethesodisinplace,sanddressingisusuallyappliedtothesodseamsandgoodirrigationcarriedout.Theaimistogetthesodrootingasquicklyaspossible,sothatthegreencanbeopenedup.Oncerooting
14GreenkeeperInternational
CONTINUETO
LEARN
occurs,corecultivationandheavytop-dressingareoftenappliedtoopenuptherootzone,reduceanycompactionandpromoterooting(2).
Slightsettlingislikelyandaheavytop-dressingprogrammemaybeneededtoleveloffthesurface.Greatcaremustbetakenofremodelledareastoensurethatrootingmassincreasesrapidlyallowingthegreentore-openasquicklyaspossible.
RESEARCH
Thefirstthoughtthatmightspringtomanypeople’smindsistheissueofchangingthedepthsoftherootzoneprofile.ManygolfgreensareconstructedtoUSGAspecificationwitha12inrootzonesittingontopofagravellayer.Somemayfeelthatloweringthehighspotsandraisingtheloweronesontheirgreensduringtherecontouringprojectmayhaveanadverseeffectonwatermovementthroughtherootzone.
Havingsaidthis,Iwouldliketotalkfirstlyabouttwodifficultiesthatariseonmanycourses:localiseddryspot(LSD),andblacklayer.Localiseddryspotisfoundonallturfgrasstypesandrootzones,butisparticularlyprevalentonsand-basedrootzones.LSDiscausedbysoilparticlesbecomingcoatedwithorganicsubstances,whichrepelwater,causingthesoiltodryoutandpreventingrewetting(Vargas,2006,Pers.Comm.).
Thisconditionisnaturally-occurringandIknowfromexperiencethatmanycoursemanagersthroughoutIrelandandtheUKarespendingalotofmoneyonwettingagentsandculturalpractices,tryingtocontrolthisphenomenon.Blacklayerisacommonproblemonsand-basedrootzones.Chemically,blacklayerisadepositofmetalsulphides,whichformwhenhydrogensulphidegasreactswithmetalelementsinthesoil(1).Blacklayeroccursunderanaerobicconditions.ResearchbyNektariosetal.(1999)reportedthatdrainageingolfgreenrootzonesisnotalwaysuniformandthat,inanunsaturatedrootzone,watermaymovelaterallyalongtherootzone/gravelinterfacetolowerareasinthegreenratherthanverticallyfromtherootzoneintothegravellayer(3).Thismayleadtodryareasformingathighpointsandsaturatedzonesinlowerareasonthegreen(3).
Duetothisproblem,researchwasundertakenatMichiganStateUniversityundertheguidanceofProfessorKevinFranktolookattheinfluenceonwatermovementthroughtheprofile,ofbuildingavariabledepthrootzoneonagolfgreen.Therootzonewas8indeepinhighareasand16ininlow-lyingpartsofthegreen.Thegreenwasfittedwithtimedomainreflectometryprobestomeasuresoilvolumetricwatercontent.
Resultsshowedthatmodifyingthedepthofrootzonemiximprovedtheuniformityofvolumetricwatercontentacrossthesurfaceoftheputtinggreen.Thisshowsthatsuccesscanbeachievableifverycarefulplanningisgiventoarecontouringproject.Itiscritical,though,thatraisedareasdonotreceivemorerootzone,asthismayleadtomorelocaliseddryspotissues.Itisalsoimportanttorememberthat,duringnormalconstructionactivities,arootzonedepthofatleast12inisgivenfromlowtohighareas(3).
Recontouringgolfgreensiscommonlypractisedwithvaryingdegreesofsuccess.Thisprocessmayhelptoimprovethecoursefrombothaplayabilityandmanagementviewpointandreducethelargeexpenseassociatedwithreconstruction.However,aspecialistagronomistisvitaltoensuringthefuturesuccessofarecontouringproject.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
TimButlerisstudyingforaPhDdegreeinTurfgrassScienceatbothUniversityCollegeDublin,Ireland,andMichiganStateUniversity,[email protected]
REFERENCES
1.Berndt,W.L.1987.Blacklayerformationinhighlymaintainedturfgrasssoils.GolfCourseManagement.55(6):106-112
2.Graves,D.,andKinnelly,T.2003.RecontouringaGolfGreenWithoutTotalReconstruction.USGAGreensectionRecord.September/October:18-21.
3.Frank,W.F.,Leach,B.E.,Crum,J.R.,Rieke,P.E.,Leinauer,B.R.,Nikolai,T.A.,andCalhoun,R.N.2005.EffectofRootzoneMaterialandDepthonMoistureRetentioninUndulatingUSGAPuttingGreens.USGATurfgrassandEnvironmentalResearchOnline4(11):
4.Nektarios,P.A.,Steenhuis,T.S.,Petrovic,A.M.,andParlange,J.Y.1999.FingeredFlowinLaboratoryGolfPuttingGreens.JournalofTurfgrassManagement.3(1):53-67.
GreenkeeperInternational15
FEATURE
ARE YOU AWARE NEW GROUNDWATER REGULATIONS ARE NOW IN FORCE? Withtheextensivelistofenvironmentalandwaterprotectionregulations,itwouldnotbesurprising,ifyouareunsureofwhatregulationsareinforce,howthisimpactsyourgolfcourseandwhatyouneedtodotoensurecompliance.
Asignoranceisnoexcuse,hopefullythefollowingwillmakeinterestingreading.Thatsaid,thisisatbestasimplifiedoverviewofcomplexandchanginglegislationanddoesnotconstitutelegaladvice!
Environmentalprotectionlegislationwasissuedmanyyearsagoandhasbeenprogressivelyaddedtointheinterveningperiod.TheconfusionarisesinthatmanyoftheadditionalActsdonotreplaceexistinglegislation,butmerelyreinforceit.Itisnotthereforepossibletogotoonereferencepoint.
CURRENT WATER MANAGEMENT LEGISLATIONTogiveaflavour,theprimarylegislativeActsyouareexpectedtobeincompliancewithincludetheEnvironmentProtectionAct1990andWaterResourcesAct1991.TheseActshavebeenregularlyaddedtoinrecenttimes.RecentnotableadditionsincludetheEnvironmentAct1995,theGroundwaterRegulations1998andWaterAct2003.Inaddition
EqUIPMENT WASH-OFF Water Management Legislation by Tim Earley
thereareanumberofEuropeanDirectivesinforce(e.g.GroundwaterDirective80/68/EEC),whicheveryoneshouldbeincompliancewith.Thislistcertainlymakesforgoodbed-timereading!
WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVECurrentwatermanagementlegislationiswidelyacknowledgedaspatchyandinconsistent,liabletoleadtoconfusion.ThenewEurope-wideWaterFrameworkDirectiveintendstoresolvethisbyrationalisingandupdatingexistinglegislationwithconsistentlegislationforthewholeofEurope.ImplementationofTheWaterFrameworkDirectivebeganin2006,withenactmentofthenewlegislationcurrentlyplannedtostartin2009andcompletionofimplementationby2015.However,incaseanyonethinkstheycandelaydoinganythinguntil2009,preparationofthisnewlegislationisbringinganewemphasisandincreasedattentiontopotentiallypollutingactivitiesandthecurrentlegislationinforcewillbeactivelyenforced.
Summarising the current position:
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENTTheEnvironmentAgencyrequirethatanEnvironmentalRiskAssessmentshouldbeundertakenforeveryfacilityregardlessofsize.Environmental
16GreenkeeperInternational
FEATURE
riskassessmentandthemanagementofriskarethebasesforpreventingpollutionoftheenvironment.Inparticular,whendesigningnewfacilities,theEnvironmentAgencystressthatemphasisshouldbeplacedonhazardpreventionratherthanriskmanagement.(i.e.avoidingtheprobleminthefirstplace).Thisrequirementhastakenonanewurgencyfollowingtherecentwide-spreadflooding.
TheEnvironmentalRiskAssessmentshouldtakeaccountof:
Hazard IndentificationPollutingmaterialshandled(e.g.fuels,detergents,chemicalsetc.)
Possible ScenariosConsiderwhatcouldgowrong(e.g.spillages,leaks,vandalism,flood).
Impact of possible ScenariosThepotentialscaleoftheincidentandenvironmentalimpact(e.g.leak,flood)
Likelihood of ScenarioOccurringHowlikelyanincidentislikelytohappen(e.g.areyouinafloodpronearea?)
POLLUTION PREVENTION GUIDELINESUntiltheWaterFrameworkDirectiveisimplemented,thecurrentlegislationissupportedandenforcedthroughaseriesofPollutionPreventionGuidelines(PPG’s),emanatingfromtheGroundwaterregulations1998.Twentyplusguidelineshavebeenissuedtodateaddressingspecificactivitiesknowntocausepollution.
SeveralofthesePPGguidelinesdirectlyimpacttheoperationalactivities
ofgolfcourses,includingrefuelling,chemicalhandlingandequipmentwash-off:
e.g.PPG2-FuelOilStorage(revisedFeb2004)PPG7-RefuellingFacilities(August2004)PPG9–PesticideHandling(replacedbyDEFRACodeofPractise)PPG13–VehicleWashingandCleaning(revisedJuly2007)
Forexample,thenewregulationsrequirethatwashingoperationsmustbecarriedoutinadesignated,kerbedareawhichdrainstothefoulsewer,orACLOSEDLOOPRECYCLINGWASH-OFFSYSTEMMUSTBEUSED.Ifneitheroftheseoptionsisinstalled,thereisalittle-usedthirdoptionavailableofinstallingasealedcollectiontankforoff-sitedisposalbywastedisposalspecialists,butthisisnotrealisticinmostcasesasitbecomesprohibitivelyexpensiveeverytimeitrains!
PERSONALLY LIABLERegularcleaningofmaintenanceequipmentisessentialtoensurethelonglifeofexpensiveequipment.Inaddition,chemicalsprayersrequirewashingandflushingoutafterapplyingpesticidesandfungicides.Thiswash-offwaterpotentiallycontainsarangeofseriouscontaminants,including;oil,petrol,diesel,grease,pesticides,fungicidesetc.
Itisnowacriminaloffencetoallowcertainsubstancesincludingmineraloils,detergentsandchemicalstoentersurfacedrains,watercoursesorSoakaways.Ifyouarenotcomplying,youarepersonallyliableforbreakingthelaw,withthethreatofafineofupto£20,000andimprisonmentforaseriousinfringement!Evenifacasedoesnotgotocourt,thecostof
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repairingthedamagestillhastobemet,whichcouldbeveryexpensive(e.g.replacingfishwhichhavebeenkilled).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNEnvironmentalconcerniseasytounderstandasgolfcoursesroutinelyhandlequantitiesof15litresupwardsofconcentratedpesticideatatimewhenfillingachemicalsprayer.TheEnvironmentAgencyadvisethataslittleas0.5litresofneatpesticideissufficienttoexceedthepermittedlimitofthewholeofLondon’swatersupply!Theconsequencesofanuncontrolledspillageare,therefore,easytoimagine.
Thesenewregulationsnowstrictlycontroltheamountofcontaminantsingroundwatertolevelsthatarenearlyundetectable.TheEnvironmentAgency’slatestdetectionequipmentcanreliablytracethesourceofpollutiontopartsperbillion.Iftheclubhasfailedtomakeproperprovisionandanaccidentoccurs,thelivelihoodoftheHeadGreenkeeperandthereputationofthegolfclubispotentiallybeingputatrisk.
DOES AN OIL/WATER SEPARATOR COMPLY?No,anOil/Waterseparatorisnotadequatetohandlethedischargefromthegolfcoursewash-offarea,unlessthisdischargeistothefoul.AnOil/WaterSeparatorisdesignedforthesettlingofheavysolidsandseparationoffreehydrocarbons,whichitdoesverywell.Itdoesnothavethetechnologytoremovechemicals,whichareroutinelyusedbygolfcoursesoremulsifiedhydrocarbons(oils)resultingfromtheadditionofdetergentsduringwashingorusingapressurewasher.Itwillalsonottreatanothercriticalpollutant,BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD)whichiscausedbyorganicsubstances,includinggrassclippingswashedofftheequipment.ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITY CENTREAmajorinnovationtoguaranteetheremovalofanyriskofgroundwaterpollutionfromgolfcoursemaintenanceactivitieshasbeenintroducedbyacompanycalledWaste2Water.Anumberofothersystemsareavailablefromalternativesuppliers,althoughWaste2WaterclaimtheadvantagesoftheirAbove-Groundsystemincludeeaseofmaintenanceand,intheeventofflooding,thereisnoriskofreleaseofpartiallytreatedcontaminants,whichcouldpotentiallyarisewithgravity-fedoilwaterseparator/undergroundsystems.
TheEnvironmentalActivityCentresimplyconsistsofaconcretewashpadslopingintoacollectionsump.Ontheperipheryofthisarea,installationofasmanypotentiallypollutingstorage/activityareasaspossibleisrecommended.Thisincludesthedieseltank,chemicalstore,chemicalmixingtank,oldoilstorageetc.AtthehubistheBiologicalRecyclingWastewaterTreatmentSystem,whichtakescareofspillagesofoil,petrol,dieselandchemicalsetc.,convertingthemtoharmlesscarbondioxideandwater.
CREATING YOUR OWN ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITY CENTRECreatinganEnvironmentalCentrecouldnotbeeasier.ThiscanbeassimpleasinstallingyourdieseltankontheedgeofthepadwiththeRecyclingWash-OffSysteminstalledattheheartoftheoperationsarea,oftenretro-fittingintoanexistingareatominimisethebudget.TheBiologicalRecyclingSystemremovesallcontaminationrisks,reduceswaterusagebyamassive90%andtidiesuponeoftheworstaspectsofgolfcoursemaintenance.Threeinonecan’tbebad!IfyouwouldlikefurtherinformationontheWaste2WaterSystemoracopyofthePollutionPreventionGuidelinespleasecall.Tel01782373878/E-mail:info@waste2water.
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The EU Parliament, at its full plenary session on October 22, 2007, voted against an amendment to prohibit the use of pesticides in all public amenity areas; it also voted to adopt the, “Thematic Strategy for the Sustainable Use of Pesticide” with some minor amendments to Article 11.
OverthenextmonthstherewillbealotofworkintheEUCouncilCommitteestoclarifythedetailofexactlywhatthismeanstoallusersofpesticidesforthefuture.Underthecurrenttimescalethesechangesmustbeinplacewithinmemberstatesownlegislativestructuresbytheendof2010.TheUKalreadyhasinplacearrangementsthatmeetmanyoftheproposedchangesviaourstatutoryandvoluntaryschemes.ThemostsignificantaspectsofthenewDirectiveare:
ARTICLE 5 -TRAINING AND EDUCATION
Defineaminimumstandardoftrainingandcertificationforusersandadvisors.Restrictpesticidestoprofessionalusers,whoshouldbeawareoftherisksandhazardsoftheuseofpesticides.
SincetheintroductionofFEPAandCOPRin1986,wehavehadstatutorycontrolsinplacewithclearguidanceontheneedforCertificatesofCompetence.UndertheVoluntaryInitiativewealsohavetheNationalRegisterofSprayOperators(NRoSO)Schemewherebycertificatedsprayoperators,andtheirsupervisorsandmanagers,canmaintaintheirqualificationuptodatebytheprocessofcontinuousprofessionaldevelopment(CPD)–ThisschemeisuniquetotheUK.SofartheuptakeoftheNRoSOSchemeinamenityhorticulturehasbeenverypoorandalthoughbynomeanscertainitislikelythatthistypeofschemecouldwellbecomeastatutoryrequirement,wemustwaittoseethedetailoftheDirective.
SPRAYING EqUIPMENT
Allnewequipmentwillconformtoenvironmentalsafetystandards.Allequipmentinusetobeinspectedannually.Recordstobekeptforthelifeoftheequipment.
UndertheuniqueUKvoluntaryschemetheNationalSprayerTesting
IMPORTANT CHANGES TO PESTICIDES LEGISLATION – AN UPDATE
Jon Albutt takes some time to explain the ramifications behind the recent EU decision not to endorse an amendment which would have seen chemicals banned on all amenity areas
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