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Learning. Warm Up: From the test, what type of learner are you? Was this accurate about how you learn? How can you use that knowledge to perform better in school?. Standards. Objective. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Learning
Warm Up: From the test, what type of learner are you? Was this accurate about how you learn? How can you use that knowledge to perform better in
school?Standards
IVA-1.1 Discuss learning from a psychological viewpoint.
IVA-2.1 Describe the classical conditioning paradigm.
IVA-3.1 Describe the operant conditioning paradigm.
Objective Students will be able to
compare the differences between classical and operant conditioning through a compare and contrast chart.
Learning Definition: a relatively permanent change in organism
behavior due to experience. Three forms of learning
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational learning
We repeat certain actions through habitual behaviors Examples – whenever I go to the movies, I eat popcorn, I
take the same way to school everyday Associative Learning
Learning that certain events occur together. Conditioning is the process of learning associations.
From your knowledge, explain what is happening to Snoopy in
this comic strip.
Classical ConditioningDefinition: a type of learning in which one learns to link
two or more stimuli and anticipate events.Created by Ivan PavlovLaid the foundations for John B. Watson’s behaviorism
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.Most psychologist believe in the former (objective science) but
reject the latter (without mental processes)
Watson and Pavlov did not believe in the human consciousness, believed that all animals learned in the same fashion.
Classical Condition Explained
Hypothesis – If he was to ring a bell, the dog would salivate regardless if the dog saw or smelled the food.
Method They put a dog in an isolated room on a leash so that
there were no external variables. They would slide food from another room to the dog and
let him eat, later replacing the food with meat powder and blowing the powder in his vicinity.
He added a bell to this event to see if the dog would learn
The dog would originally salivate with food in its mouth
Predication! Hypothesize!How do you think the bell affects the dog in
Pavlov’s experiment? Explain it in as much detail as possible.
Also! List the different parts of Pavlov’s experiment.For example: The Dog! (what else was in the
experiment?)
Stimulus and Response Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A stimulus that unconditionally, naturally and automatically, triggers a response.
Unconditioned response (UR) The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the
unconditioned stimulus Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus, that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned response (CR) The learned response to a preciously neutral but now
conditioned stimulus
Retrace! Label!Go back to recalling Pavlov’s experiment. Label
what the different stimulus and responses were for each of the different steps.
Forgot the steps? Here they are belowDog sees food, salivatesBell is rungBell is rung when dog sees food, salivatesBell is rung, dog salivates
The Office ClipDissect the clip of Jim and Dwight, what are the
neutral stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus, the unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response?
Warm Up: List and describe the different types of stimuli and response in a classical conditioning experiment.
Standards IVA-1.1 Discuss learning
from a psychological viewpoint.
IVA-2.1 Describe the classical conditioning paradigm.
IVA-3.1 Describe the operant conditioning paradigm.
Objective Students will be able to
compare the differences between classical and operant conditioning through a compare and contrast chart.
Check For UnderstandingQ: How does a neutral stimulus become a conditioned stimulus?A: First the neutral stimulus, a tone, is paired with an unconditioned stimulus such as food which is already paired with an unconditioned response, salivation. Over time, the neutral response becomes associated with the unconditioned response and eventually is taken over becoming the conditioned stimulus. Now that the tone is taken over as the conditioned response, the subject has learned that whenever it hears the tone, he/she/it will exhibit the associated conditioned response, salivating without food.
5 Major conditioning processes
AcquisitionExtinctionSpontaneous RecoveryGeneralizationdiscrimination
AcquisitionDefinition: the initial stage in classical
conditioning, the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response.
Main question: how much time should elapse between presenting the NS and the US?Would conditioning occur if the US appears before
the CS?This can be done with most things such as
emotions, attitudes, or any of the senses
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery
Definition- the diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs when an US does not follow the CS Example – bell rings, teacher does not say or do anything
for weeks. Bell rings, student gets up.Spontaneous recovery – the appearance of an
extinguished CR after a duration of timeExtinction does not eliminate the CR but rather
represses it (reconditioning back to the UR)Through extinction, memories of the once CR can be
remembered. Example: the smell of her perfume sexually arouse you,
now when you smell the same scent, you are not aroused, but recall the times that we you were aroused.
GeneralizationDefinition – the tendency, once a response has
been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
This can be learned to be adaptive.Example: toddler told to watch out for cars, thus they
are afraid of anything that moves fast on wheels (trucks and motorcycles)
Emotion is tied into generalization of a certain stimuli. Something that may be in the form of something naturally disgusting (dog poo and poo shaped fudge) will illicit similar response.
DiscriminationDefinition – the learned ability to distinguish
between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal the unconditioned stimulus
Basically the opposite of generalization.Example: seeing a pit bull will make your heart
race, but seeing a Chihuahua will make you laugh.
Check for Understanding!Q: Name the 5 different forms of classical conditioning processes, explain each form and give an example of each.A: AcquisitionExtinctionSpontaneous RecoveryGeneralizationDiscrimination
Understanding Pavlov’s Findings
J. Garcia creates a test and dispels the notion that the US must be immediately followed by a CS. Example – you eat seafood, get food poisoning, you smell
seafood, you will avoid it.Conditioning be limited to a certain sense or emotion but
not others. Drinking water which gets you sick because of the way it
tastes may not get a response from the sight of water, but only taste.
Darwin’s principle that natural selection favors traits that aid in our survival. Learn not to do things that harm our physical body.
Applications of Classical Conditioning
Conditioning feeble minded high school psychology students to doing whatever their teacher wants them to do, like write down this slide.
If addicted to drugs and are trying to get clean, to stay away from areas which the person will associate with the highs
A drug which tastes like something else, the body might think it is getting the drug, and produce an immune response.
Can partially explain trauma in victims and why they response certain ways.
Operant ConditioningDefinition – a type of learning in which behavior is
strengthen if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punishment.
Includes acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization and discrimination just like classical conditioning.
Difference is that classical conditioning associates through the stimulus while operant conditioning is through operant behaviorBehavior that operates on the environment, producing
consequences
B.F. Skinner and His Experiment
One of the most influential and controversial Behaviorist
Law of effect (created by Edward Thorndike)Thorndikes’ principle that behaviors followed by a
reward are become more likely to be repeated than ones followed by punishments
Skinner creates the Operant chamberBetter know as Skinner boxA small box which has a lever where the subject
receives a reward when the lever is pulledBasis of learning (refer to notes on classical
conditioning)
Skinner Shapes BehaviorShaping
An operant conditioning procedure which reinforcers (a reward or punishment) guide behavior toward close and close approximation of desired behavior
example: a student who is failing the class says a good answer, teacher compliments him/her. Next time the teacher will want them to add more to their answer or receive a passing grade before the compliment occurs again.
This can be applied to animals not just humans.
Question: How is whining shaping and how as adults do we deal with people who whine?
Types of Reinforcers Reinforcement
Any event that strengthens or increases the frequency of preceding response.
Positive Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by
presenting positive stimuli, such as food or compliments. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that strengthens the response.
Negative Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by stopping
or reducing negative stimuli, such as a smoking a cigarette. This is not a punishment.
Primary Reinforcer A naturally reinforcing stimulus
such as one that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned Reinforcer A stimulus that gains its
reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (a.k.a secondary reinforcer)
Immediate Reinforcer An immediate response to
the desired behavior (press a lever, food immediate delivered)
Delayed Reinforcer A delay in the response
but still the behavior is reinforced
Would have a 1 dollar now or 20 dollars in a week?
Marshmallows and Milgram
Watch the clip on Milgram’s experiment. How is operant conditioning applied to this video? Explain.
Watch the marshmallow clip. What type of reinforcement is shown? Explain.
Check For UnderstandingQ: What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement. Provide an example of each to illustrate the difference.A: A positive reinforcement is a reinforcer which positively affects the subject, such as a reward or food. A negative reinforcement is a reinforcer which deals with a negative response, such as a smoker who has a craving (the negative stimuli) so they smoke.
Reinforcement Schedules Continuous Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time behavior occurs Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction that does continuous reinforcement
Fixed-ratio schedules A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified
number of times
Variable-ratio schedules A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable
number of responses
Fixed-interval schedule A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified
amount of time
Variable interval schedule A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
The Big Bang Theory ClipWatch the clip on the Big Bang Theory. Write
down all the different reinforcement Sheldon uses on Penny to condition her. Also, list any that he uses on Leonard. Does any one else use conditioning in the clip? Explain.
Warm Up: Read the handout on punishment. What do you believe is the best form of punishment? Why do you believe that way is the best? Remember, if you state that you have been physically abused, by CA state law, I must report it.
Standards IVA-1.1 Discuss learning
from a psychological viewpoint.
IVA-2.1 Describe the classical conditioning paradigm.
IVA-3.1 Describe the operant conditioning paradigm.
Objective Students will be able to
compare the differences between classical and operant conditioning through a compare and contrast chart.
Cognition and Operant Conditioning
Latent Learning Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an
incentive to demonstrate it. In rats learning a maze, they develop a cognitive map of the
course, learning where there are dead ends A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. Give 1 example of a cognitive map from your own experience.
Motivation Intrinsic
Desire to perform a behavior for your own sake. Extrinsic
Desire to perform a behavior due to a promised reward or threat of punishment.
Applications of Operant Conditioning
State your goal – when you have a goal, you can obtain something rather than to just go life with no goal
Monitor yourself – see how many times you are doing the desired behavior (log it to see if you are wasting time or using it wisely)
Reinforce the desired behavior – giving yourself occasional rewards as you progress through to your goal.
Reduce incentives gradually – stop giving yourself a physical reward and make the drive more mental.
Observational LearningDefinition – learning by observing others and imitating
them as well. Example – you see your mom cut herself with a knife
chopping vegetables, you will probably not make the same mistake
This is done usually through modeling The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Can you name some ways in which we model in society?
Mirror Neurons in the frontal lobe can explain why we exhibit modeling Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions
when observing others doing the activity. Can explain imitation, language learning, and empathy This also helps us explain the Theory of Mind
Bandura’s ExperimentAlbert Bandura is consider the father of observational
learningChildren are more likely to imitate those they trust
(adults)Watch the video on Bandura’s Experiment. What are
your thoughts about it, do you believe that people are more likely to follow what we see? Why was it ok for the child to do what the adult did?
Why do we follow these models? We see whether they are reinforced or punished and act
accordingly.
Applications of Observational Learning
Positive observation learning Prosocial models can have a positive effect
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior Parents who exhibit prosocial behavior are more likely to have
children who do the same.Example – European Christians who promoted good family values
were more likely to save the Jews from the Nazis. How to be the most positive? Be consistent.
Television Learning about life and what is ok and not from TV programs
(such as Sesame Street or prime time TV shows) Is there a correlation between watching violent acts and the
act of violent behavior?