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Learning
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Circle of Courage
Spirit of Belonging
Spirit of Mastery
Spirit of Independence
Spirit of Generosity
CIRCLE OF COURAGE
Porowhita Máia
BELONGING
Whanaungatanga
GENEROSITY
Atawhai
MASTERY
Tohungatanga
INDEPENDENCE
Mana Motuhake
Er ik Er ikso n19 0 2 -19 9 2
Sioux Child Rearing
Maslow
Blackfoot Indians
Abr aham
Masl o w
19 0 8 -197 0
Consilience: Meeting Universal Developmental NeedsWilliam Jackson
Hierarchy of Human Needs(Maslow, 1943)
Belongingness EsteemSelf-
ActualizationSelf-
Transcendence
Foundations of Self Worth (Coopersmith, 1967)
Significance Competence Power Virtue
Circle of CourageCultural Values(Brokenleg, 1990)
Belonging Mastery Independence Generosity
Resilience Research(Benard, 2004)
Social Competence
Problem Solving Autonomy Purpose
Brain Systems for Resilience(Masten, 2014)
AttachmentMastery
Motivation Self-Efficacy
Spirituality & Purpose
Four BiosocialGrowth Needs
Attachment Achievement Autonomy Altruism
Leadership andService Model(CF Learning, 2008)
Belonging Achievement Power Purpose
Our Four Biosocial Drivesconnect with reptilian survival programs.
Approachseek pleasure
Avoidance escape pain
Manipulating Reinforcements
PunishReward
Meeting Brain-Based Needs
Safety Adventure
Attachment
Achievement
Autonomy
Altruism
Social Brain
Belonging
Mastery
Independence
Generosity
Brain-Based Drives —> Developmental Needs
Avoidance
Approach
Safety
Adventure
Survival Brain
Independence
Belonging
Generosity
Mastery
ADVENTURE
SAFETY
Safety Belonging
Mastery
Independence
Generosity
The Circle in Six Directions
Focus on Needs
Abraham Maslow
Maladjustment:Most emotional and
behavioral problems
come from unmet
developmental needs.
Prevention:Children thrive
when essential
developmental
needs are met.
Healing:Positive growth
comes as we
nurture unmet
growth needs.
Safety
Circles of Courage
Safety Comes First
Being able to feel safe with
other people is probably the
single most important aspect of
mental health; safe connections
are fundamental to meaningful
and satisfying lives.
Bessel van der Kolk
Safety is in the Eye of the Beholder
Felt safety which has to be determined
by each individual, includes emotional,
physical, and relational security.
Karyn Purvis
TraumaTerror and Helplessness
LossGrief and Despair
What is the most powerful way
to make a child feel safe?
Touch, the most
elementary tool we
have to calm down,
is proscribed from
most therapeutic
practices.
Bessel van der Kolk
PAIN BASED BEHAVIOR
James Anglin
Cultural Trauma
Kill the Indian to save the man.
Safety Belonging
Circles of Courage
BELONGING
Bidsto Connect
Trust and
Bonding
Oxytocin
Moments
EROS
AGAPEFILIA
Illustration by Scott Menchin
Resilience rests
fundamentally
on relationships.
Suniya Luthar
Safety Belonging
Mastery
Circles of Courage
The brain grows
when challenged.
Mastering difficulty
builds intelligence.
Carol Dweck
MASTERY
School Failure damages self-esteem
and predicts poor life
outcomes.Gold & Osgood
Defiant Behavior that rejects
teachers and
school is an
attempt to rescue
self respect.
Gold & Osgood
SCHOOL SUCCESShas a lasting effect on
life adjustment in spite
of other problems.
Gold & Osgood
Egoistic Motivation
I want to look good.
Task Motivation
I want to learn.
Growth or Fixed Mindsets
Carol Dweck
I can make myself smart..
I just wasn’t born smart.
Myelin insulates Neurons and
makes them 100 times faster.
Adding 40 layers of myelin builds expertise.
Learning builds neuron connections
The Challenge and Rewards of Learning
Finland is a world leader in the
Programme for International
Student Assessment (PISA)
given to 15-year-olds.
Schools of joy both meet growth
needs and achieve academic
excellence.
Finnish students learn most in
45-minute classes with
15-minute breaks.
Why sleeping in on weekends isn’t good for teens.Dennis Rosen, Harvard Medical School
Stress Compromises Achievement
How to improve leaning 30 percent?
Sleep on it.
Why do we sleep?
a. To rest our body.
b. To rest our brain.
c. To learn.
REM25%
non-
REM75%Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
We Sleep to Learn
Vivid dreaming
Eyes track dream action
Solve pressing problems
Night time therapy session
No dreaming
No eye movement
Discard Trivial Memories
Build Long-term Memories
Children thrive in nature.
Brain after
sitting quietly
Brain after
20-minute walk
Talent HuntsFinding strengths
in all young people
Safety Belonging
Mastery
Independence
Circles of Courage
INDEPENDENCE
Self-regulation involves the ability to “postpone the obtaining
of pleasure, to put up with a little unpleasure, and to abandon
certain sources of pleasure altogether.”
Sigmund Freud, 1920 Photo, Mischel’s Marshmallow study.
Self-Efficacy
The belief in one’s
power to cope with
challenges.
(Albert Bandura, 1997)
Persistence and Gritwere assets that enabled
youth with serious behavior
problems in childhood to
have resilient outcomes.
Emmy Werner & Ruth SmithKauai’s Children Come of Age
The Power of Bullies
and the Plight of Victims
Jaana Juvonen and Sandra Graham
Norwegian research focuses
on the climate of schools.
Dan Olweus
Most bully prevention programs
do not work because they target
bullying behaviors but do not
change the values of the students
and the culture of the school.
Power Assertion Love Withdrawal Problem Solving
Three Types of DisciplineMartin Hoffman
Conflict and Coping CyclesNicholas Long
Challenge
Logic
EmotionsActions
Response
Safety Belonging
Mastery
Independence
Generosity
Circles of Courage
Helping gives
proof of one’s
worth – being of
value to others.
GENEROSITY
Children are biologically hardwired, not only for
close connections to others but also for “deep
connections to moral and spiritual meaning.”
Commission on Children at Risk
Searching for Purpose in our materialistic world
of confusing valuesOnly 20 percent of teens
have a sense of purpose
Altruism and
Empathy are
Inborn
(Warneken & Tomasello, 2006)
True or False?
Aggression in
young children …
predicts antisocial
outcomes in
adolescence.
(Rhee et al., 2013; Caprara et
al., 2000)
Being Mean
is Not in Genes
Both identical twins
and fraternal twins
are similar in showing
compassion or
disregard to a person
showing distress.
(Rhee et al., 2013)
True or False?
Helping, sharing,
and consoling in
third grade …
Predicts achieving
in eighth grade
(Caprara, Barbaranelli,
Pastorelli, Bandura, & Zimbardo,
2000)
Grandfather, what is
the purpose of life?
Eddie Bellerose
Four Skies Consulting,
Edmonton, Alberta
Safety Belonging
Mastery
Independence
Generosity
Circles of Courage
ADVENTURE
Why do teens engage in high risk behavior?
Photo: BBC
True / False Teens are risk takers because they
have under-developed reasoning ability.
True / False Teens are risk takers because they
believe that they are invulnerable.
True / False Teens are risk takers because they can’t
make snap intuitive right or wrong decisions.
It was the best of times,
it was the worst of times;
it was the age of wisdom,
it was the age of foolishness.
Charles Dickens, 1859
Foolishness
The emotional brain of
teens surges in seeking
pleasure and peer
relationships.
Wisdom
The executive brain’s
capacity for self-control
and thinking ahead will
mature years later.
Risk and Resilience
JOY
In growing up, a child should
know some joy in each day
and look forward to some
joyous event for the morrow.
1. Safety—Ensure physical,
emotional, and cultural safety
by replacing threat with trust.
2. Belonging—Strengthen
social bonds to create positive
family, peer, and community
climates.
3. Mastery—Strengthen intrinsic
motivation to engage learners
and grow intelligence.
4. Independence—
Strengthen self-regulation,
responsibility, and leadership.
5. Generosity—Strengthen
empathy and find meaning
through service to others.
6. Adventure—Provide
challenges and healthy risks
that spark the spirit of joy.
Pathways to Resilience
