Leadership Combination Slides

8/2/2019 Leadership Combination Slides

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What Is Leadership?

Leadership

The ability to influence a group toward theachievement of goals.

Management

Use of authority inherent in designated formal rankto obtain compliance from organizational members.


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Leadership

Managership/leadership Essence of leadership is followership or willingness of

followers to accept a leader

People follow those who provide a means of

achieving their own desires/need/wants

Definition:

Process of influencing people so that they will strive

willingly and enthusiastically towards achievement of

group goals


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Ingredients of Leadership:

1. Ability to use power

2. Ability to comprehend human being & theirbehavior

3. Ability to inspire

4. Ability to develop conducive environment


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Leadership Style/Behavior:

Styles Based on Use of Authority

Autocratic:

Commands/expects compliance positive & leads by ability to withhold or give

reward/punishment

Democratic/Participative: Consults, encourages participation of subordinates

Free-Rein: Uses his power very little

Subordinates set their goals & plan its achievement


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Benevolent Autocrats:

Listen to subordinates, but decide on their

own Participative/Supportive:

Not only encouraging participation but

supports subordinates in accomplishment ofgoals


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3-Dimensions:

Positive power legitimate

Task structure clarity Leader member relationship willingness to

follow


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Trait Theories

Leadership Traits:

Ambition and energy

The desire to lead Honest and integrity

Self-confidence

Intelligence High self-monitoring

Job-relevant knowledge

Traits Theories of

Leadership

Theories that consider

personality, social,physical, or intellectualtraits to differentiateleaders from nonleaders.


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Trait Theories

Limitations:

No universal traits found that predict leadership in

all situations.

Traits predict behavior better in weak than

strong situations.

Unclear evidence of the cause and effect of

relationship of leadership and traits.

Better predictor of the appearance of leadership

than distinguishing effective and ineffective

leaders.


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Behavioral Theories

Trait theory:

Leaders are born, not made.

Behavioral theory:Leadership traits can be taught.

Behavioral Theories of Leadership

Theories proposing that specific behaviorsdifferentiate leaders from nonleaders.


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Ohio State Studies

Initiating Structure

The extent to which a leader is likely to define andstructure his or her role and those of sub-ordinatesin the search for goal attainment.

Consideration

The extent to which a leader is likely to have job

relationships characterized by mutual trust, respectfor subordinates ideas, and regard for their feelings.


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University of Michigan StudiesEmployee-Oriented Leader

Emphasizing interpersonal relations; taking apersonal interest in the needs of employees andaccepting individual differences among members.

Production-Oriented Leader

One who emphasizes technical or task aspects ofthe job.


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Scandinavian Studies

Development-Oriented Leader

One who values experimentation,seeking new ideas, and generatingand implementing change.

Researchers in Finland and Sweden question whether there are only

two dimensions (production-orientation and employee-orientation)

that capture the essence of leadership behavior. Their premise is

that in a changing world, effective leaders would exhibit

development-oriented behavior.


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Contingency Theories

Fiedlers Contingency Model

The theory that effective groups depend on a propermatch between a leaders style of interacting withsubordinates and the degree to which the situation

gives control and influence to the leader.

Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Questionnaire

An instrument that purports to measure whether aperson is task- or relationship-oriented.


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Fiedlers Model: Defining the Situation

Leader-Member Relations

The degree of confidence, trust, and respectsubordinates have in their leader.

Position Power

Influence derived from ones formal structuralposition in the organization; includes power to hire,fire, discipline, promote, and give salary increases.

Task Structure

The degree to which the job assignments areprocedurized.


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Cognitive Resource Theory

Research Support:

Less intelligent individuals perform better in leadership roles under

high stress than do more intelligent individuals.

Less experienced people perform better in leadership roles under

low stress than do more experienced people.

Cognitive Resource Theory

A theory of leadership that states that stress canunfavorably affect a situation and that intelligenceand experience can lessen the influence of stress on

the leader.


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2005 Prentice Hall Inc. Allrights reserved.

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Hersey and Blanchards Situational

Leadership Theory

Situational Leadership Theory (SLT)

A contingency theory that focuses on followersreadiness.

Leader: decreasing need

for support and supervision

Follower readiness:

ability and willingness

Unable and

Unwilling

Unable but

Willing

Able and

Willing

Directive High Task and Relationship

Orientations

Supportive

Participative

Able and

Unwilling

Monitoring


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Leadership Styles and Follower

Readiness

(Hersey and Blanchard)WillingUnwilling

Able

Unable Directive

High Task

and

RelationshipOrientations

Supportive

Participative

Monitoring

Follower

Readiness

Leadership

Styles


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LeaderMember Exchange TheoryLeader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

Leaders create in-groups and out-groups, andsubordinates with in-group status will have higherperformance ratings, less turnover, and greater job

satisfaction.


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Path-Goal Theory

Path-Goal Theory

The theory that it is the leaders job to assistfollowers in attaining their goals and to provide themthe necessary direction and/or support to ensure

that their goals are compatible with the overallobjectives of the group or organization.


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Leader-Participation Model

Leader-Participation Model (Vroom and Yetton)

A leadership theory that provides a set of rules todetermine the form and amount of participativedecision making in different situations.

Documents

Leadership Combination Slides