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The ability to inspire confidence and support among the people who are needed to achieve organizational goals
Leadership
Leadership RolesAn expected set of activities or behaviors stemming from one’s job
• Figurehead• Spokesperson• Negotiator• Coach and motivator• Team builder
• Team player• Technical problem solver• Entrepreneur• Strategic planner
Sources of Leader Satisfaction
• A feeling of power and prestige• A chance to help others grow and develop• High income• Respect and status• Good opportunities for advancement• A feeling of “being in on” things• An opportunity to control resources
Essential Qualities of Effective Followers• Self-management• Commitment• Competence and focus• Courage
Certain leadership traits are universally important; that is, they apply in all situations
Universal Theory of Leadership
Leader Personality Traits
• General Personality Traits• Traits observable both within and outside the context of work
• Task-Related Personality Traits• Traits closely associated with task accomplishment
Emotional Intelligence
… refers to the ability to do such things as understand one’s feelings, have empathy for others, and regulate one’s emotions to enhance one’s quality of life.
Leadership Motives
• Leaders have an intense desire to occupy a position of responsibility for others and to control them.
• This desire is evident in four needs or motives, all of which can be considered task related.
Cognitive Factors
• Cognition refers to the mental process by which knowledge is gathered
• Leaders must have problem-solving and intellectual skills to effectively gather, process, and store essential information
• Six cognitive factors related to leadership effectiveness have been identified
The WICS Model of Leadership in OrganizationsThis model of leadership encompassesand synthesizes
• wisdom• intelligence, and• creativity
to explain leadership effectiveness
The WICS Model (cont’d)
• According to the WICS model, a leader needs following for the successful utilization of intelligence:
• Creative skills to generate new ideas• Analytical skills to evaluate whether the ideas are good ones• Practical skills to implement the ideas and to persuade others of their value.
Nature versus Nurture
• Are leaders born or are they made? Both.• Individuals inherit a basic capacity to develop personality traits and
mental ability that sets an outer limit on how extensively these traits can be developed
• Environmental influences, in turn, determine how much of an individual’s potential will be developed
Charisma Defined
• Charisma has been defined various ways• Charisma is a Greek word meaning “divinely inspired gift”• In leadership, charisma is a special quality of leaders whose purposes,
powers, and extraordinary determination differentiate them from others
Charisma: A Relationship Between the Leader and Group Members
• Key to charismatic leadership is the interaction between leader and group members
• Charismatic qualities must be attributed to the leader by group members
• Charismatic leaders use impression management to cultivate their relationships with group members
The Effects of Charisma
• Group members• trust the leader’s beliefs• have beliefs similar to those of the leader• accept the leader unquestioningly• have affection for the leader• willingly obey the leader• identify with and attempt to emulate the leader
The Effects of Charisma (cont’d)
• Group members• have emotional involvement in the mission• have heightened goals• feel that they will be able to accomplish, or to contribute to the
accomplishment of the mission
Types of CharismaticLeaders• Socialized charismatics restrain the use of power to benefit others• Personalized charismatics exercise few restraints on power to serve
their own interests
Types of CharismaticLeaders (cont’d)
• Office-holder charismatics attain their charisma from the position they hold
• Personal charismatics gain esteem from others’ faith in them as people
• Divine charismatics are endowed with a gift of divine grace
Characteristics of Charismatic Leaders• Visionary• Masterful communication skills• Ability to inspire trust• Able to make group members feel
capable• Energy and action orientation
• Emotional expressiveness and warmth• Romanticize risk• Unconventional strategies• Self-promoting personality• Dramatic and unique
Vision in CharismaticLeadership• Vision is the ability to imagine different and better conditions and
ways to achieve them• A vision is a lofty, long-term goal• Charismatic leaders inspire others with their vision
Communication
• Management by Inspiration• Using metaphors and analogies to appeal to the intellect, imagination, and
values of group members• Gearing language to different audiences
• Management by Anecdote• Inspiring and instructing team members by telling fascinating stories
Techniques for Developing Charisma
• Create visions for others• Be enthusiastic, optimistic, and energetic• Be sensibly persistent• Remember names of people• Make an impressive appearance• Be candid• Display an in-your-face attitude
Transformational Leadership
• The transformational leader helps bring about major, positive changes• Transformational leaders move group members beyond their self-
interests for the good of the group, organization, or society
Attributes of Transformational Leaders• Charismatic• Create a vision• Encourage the personal
development of their staff
• Provide supportive leadership• Practice empowerment• Innovative thinking• Lead by example
Concerns AboutCharismatic Leadership• According to the concept of leadership polarity, leaders are often
either revered or vastly unpopular• Charisma may not be necessary for leadership effectiveness• Charismatic leadership has a dark side• Some charismatic and transformational leaders neglect their social
responsibility
… is one who helps group members attain productivity, including high quality and customer satisfaction.
An Effective Leader
Dimensions of Leadership Behavior Consideration• The degree to which the leader creates an environment of emotional
support, warmth, friendliness, and trust• Involves being friendly and approachable, looking out for the personal
welfare of the group, keeping the group abreast of new developments, and doing small favors for the group
Dimensions of Leadership Behavior Initiating Structure• Organizing and defining relationships in the group by engaging in such
activities as assigning specific tasks, specifying procedures to be followed, scheduling work, and clarifying expectations for team members
• Also referred to as production emphasis, task orientation, and task motivation
Servant Leader
A servant leader serves constituents by working on their behalf to help them achieve their goals, not the leader’s own goals.
• Places service before self-interest• Listens first to express confidence in others• Inspires trust by being trustworthy• Focuses on what is feasible to accomplish• Lends a hand• Provides tools
360-Degree Feedback
• A formal evaluation of superiors based on input from people who work for and with them
• Often referred to as multisource feedback or multirater feedback• Most often used for leadership and management development
Leadership Style
• The relatively consistent pattern of behavior that characterizes a leader
• Often based on the dimensions of initiating structure and consideration
• Examples: “He’s a real command-and-control type,” “she’s a consensus leader.”
Participative Leadership
• Participative leaders share decision making with group members (“trickle-up leadership”)
• Three subtypes:• Consultative leaders confer with group members• Consensus leaders strive for consensus among group members• Democratic leaders confer final authority to the group
Autocratic Leadership
• Autocratic leaders retain most of the authority for themselves• Autocratic leaders make decisions confidently, assume that group
members will comply, and are not overly concerned with group members’ attitudes toward a decision
Leadership Grid Styles
• The Leadership Grid is a framework for specifying the extent of a leader’s concern for production and people
• Benchmark Leadership Grid styles include:• Authority-Compliance (9,1)• Country Club Management (1,9)• Impoverished Management (1,1)• Middle-of-the-Road Management (5,5)• Team Management (9,9)
Entrepreneurial LeadershipCharacteristics• Strong achievement drive and sensible risk-taking• High degrees of enthusiasm and creativity• Tendency to act quickly when opportunity arises• Constant hurry combined with impatience• Visionary perspective
Entrepreneurial Leadership Characteristics (cont’d)
• Dislike of hierarchy and bureaucracy• Preference for dealing with external customers• Eye on the future
Gender Differences in Leadership Style• One researcher concluded that men tended toward a command-and-
control style. In contrast, women tended toward a transformational style, relying heavily on interpersonal skills.
• While researchers found leadership style differences between men and women, on the dimension of overall effectiveness, the sexes were perceived the same.