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If a man can accept a situation in a If a man can accept a situation in a place of power with the thought that place of power with the thought that it’s only temporary, he comes out all it’s only temporary, he comes out all right. But when he thinks that he is right. But when he thinks that he is the cause of the power, that can be the cause of the power, that can be his ruination. his ruination.
Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman
Bennis and NanusBennis and Nanus
““Power is…the capacity to translate Power is…the capacity to translate intention into reality and sustain it. intention into reality and sustain it. Leadership is the wise use of this Leadership is the wise use of this power….Vision is the commodity of power….Vision is the commodity of leaders and power is their currency.”leaders and power is their currency.”
Five Primary Sources of PowerFive Primary Sources of Power
Coercive PowerCoercive Power Reward PowerReward Power Legitimate PowerLegitimate Power Expert PowerExpert Power Referent PowerReferent Power
Coercive PowerCoercive Power
Is based on the right to administer Is based on the right to administer punishment or give negative punishment or give negative reinforcements.reinforcements.
Most effective when followers are Most effective when followers are aware of expectations and warnedaware of expectations and warned
User must follow through User must follow through
Coercive PowerCoercive Power
BenefitsBenefits Effective for Effective for
gaining obediencegaining obedience Appropriate for Appropriate for
disciplinary actionsdisciplinary actions Achieves quick Achieves quick
resultsresults
CostsCosts Drains physical and Drains physical and
emotional energyemotional energy Lowers task Lowers task
satisfaction of satisfaction of followersfollowers
Reward PowerReward Power
User must be able to deliver User must be able to deliver something of value something of value
Must be something the follower Must be something the follower desiresdesires
Be specific about behavior being Be specific about behavior being rewardedrewarded
Reward PowerReward Power
BenefitsBenefits Culturally sanctionedCulturally sanctioned Focuses attention on group Focuses attention on group
prioritiespriorities Effective for gaining Effective for gaining
obedienceobedience Boosts short-term Boosts short-term
performanceperformance
CostsCosts Lower task satisfaction Lower task satisfaction
than with expert and than with expert and referent powerreferent power
Not consistently linked Not consistently linked with high task performancewith high task performance
Escalating financial and Escalating financial and material costs to provide material costs to provide ever-greater tangible ever-greater tangible rewardsrewards
Ineffective or destructive if Ineffective or destructive if rewards are not desirable rewards are not desirable or attractive or if the or attractive or if the wrong person is rewardedwrong person is rewarded
Kohn’s Reward Power ResearchKohn’s Reward Power Research
Reward flip side of punishmentReward flip side of punishment Does not appear to produce a lasting Does not appear to produce a lasting
changechange Rewards fail because:Rewards fail because:
• PunishPunish• Rupture relationshipsRupture relationships• Ignore reasonsIgnore reasons• Discourage risk takingDiscourage risk taking• Undermine intrinsic motivationUndermine intrinsic motivation
Legitimate PowerLegitimate Power
Is connected to the position heldIs connected to the position held Is dependent upon the importance of Is dependent upon the importance of
the position heldthe position held May only work if used for valid May only work if used for valid
requests requests
Legitimate PowerLegitimate Power
BenefitsBenefits Culturally sanctionedCulturally sanctioned Incorporates weight of Incorporates weight of
the entire organizationthe entire organization Effective for gaining Effective for gaining
obedienceobedience Helps large Helps large
organizations function organizations function efficientlyefficiently
CostsCosts Lowers follower task Lowers follower task
performanceperformance Lowers follower task Lowers follower task
satisfaction satisfaction May become less May become less
effective over timeeffective over time
Expert PowerExpert Power
Based upon the person not the Based upon the person not the position position
Influential because they provide Influential because they provide information/skillsinformation/skills
Important in our cultureImportant in our culture
Expert PowerExpert Power
BenefitsBenefits High follower task High follower task
satisfactionsatisfaction High follower task High follower task
performanceperformance Drains little if any, Drains little if any,
emotional energy from emotional energy from the userthe user
CostsCosts Takes a long time to Takes a long time to
developdevelop Must possess the Must possess the
necessary knowledge necessary knowledge and skillsand skills
Not as effective in Not as effective in gaining obedience as gaining obedience as coercion, reward or coercion, reward or legitimate powerlegitimate power
May not be effective if May not be effective if followers do not share followers do not share the leader’s goalsthe leader’s goals
Referent PowerReferent Power
Role model powerRole model power Followers allow this type of influence Followers allow this type of influence
because of affection, esteem, and because of affection, esteem, and respect for the other personrespect for the other person
Can be depletedCan be depleted
Referent PowerReferent Power
BenefitsBenefits High follower task High follower task
satisfactionsatisfaction High follower task High follower task
performanceperformance
CostsCosts Takes a long time to Takes a long time to
developdevelop Can diminish if Can diminish if
overusedoverused Must possess the Must possess the
necessary knowledge necessary knowledge and interpersonal and interpersonal skillsskills
Not as effective for Not as effective for gaining obedience as gaining obedience as coercion, reward or coercion, reward or legitimate powerlegitimate power
Powerful and Powerless TalkPowerful and Powerless Talk
Standard LanguageStandard Language Speakers stereotyped by their use of Speakers stereotyped by their use of
wordswords Powerful talk makes speakers seem Powerful talk makes speakers seem
knowledgeable and confidentknowledgeable and confident Adopt appropriate style for the Adopt appropriate style for the
situationsituation
Powerless TalkPowerless Talk
HesitationsHesitations HedgesHedges Tag QuestionsTag Questions DisclaimersDisclaimers AccountsAccounts Side ParticlesSide Particles
Tyrannical BossesTyrannical Bosses
Track every move of their followersTrack every move of their followers Send conflicting messages about what Send conflicting messages about what
they wantthey want Engage in angry outburstsEngage in angry outbursts Demand absolute obedienceDemand absolute obedience Put followers down in publicPut followers down in public Act arbitrarilyAct arbitrarily Coerce followers into unethical behaviorCoerce followers into unethical behavior
EmpowermentEmpowerment
Leaders gain more power through Leaders gain more power through empowermentempowerment• Increases the job satisfaction and Increases the job satisfaction and
performance of followersperformance of followers• Fosters greater cooperation among Fosters greater cooperation among
group membersgroup members• Collective survivalCollective survival• Contributes to personal growth and Contributes to personal growth and
learninglearning• Prevents power abusesPrevents power abuses
Components of the Empowerment Components of the Empowerment ProcessProcess
Modifying the EnvironmentModifying the Environment Supplying ResourcesSupplying Resources Building a Sense of Personal PowerBuilding a Sense of Personal Power
Modifying the EnvironmentModifying the Environment
Eliminate situational factors that lead Eliminate situational factors that lead to feelings of powerlessnessto feelings of powerlessness
Shift decision making authority to Shift decision making authority to followersfollowers
Supplying ResourcesSupplying Resources
Followers need funds, supplies, time Followers need funds, supplies, time and a place to workand a place to work
Political supportPolitical support Need for informationNeed for information
Building a Sense of Personal Building a Sense of Personal PowerPower
Efficacy expectationEfficacy expectation Leaders can build followers’ Leaders can build followers’
perceptions of their personal power:perceptions of their personal power:• Provide emotional supportProvide emotional support• Expressing confidenceExpressing confidence• Modeling successful performance or Modeling successful performance or
providing opportunities to observe providing opportunities to observe othersothers
• Structuring tasks for initial successStructuring tasks for initial success
Empowerment ModelsEmpowerment Models
Leading the Journey (Belasco and Leading the Journey (Belasco and Stayer)Stayer)• Determining focus and directionDetermining focus and direction• Removing obstaclesRemoving obstacles• Developing ownershipDeveloping ownership• Stimulate self-directed actionsStimulate self-directed actions
Empowerment ModelsEmpowerment Models
Superleadership/Self-leadership Superleadership/Self-leadership (Sims and Manz)(Sims and Manz)• SuperleadershipSuperleadership
Changing organizational structuresChanging organizational structures Changing organizational processesChanging organizational processes Changing interpersonal communicationChanging interpersonal communication
Self-leadershipSelf-leadership Self behavior modificationSelf behavior modification Task focusTask focus Positive thinkingPositive thinking