LCA Examples & Streamlined LCA

Ericsson LCA

Paper “Life Cycle Assessment of 3G Wireless Telecommunication Systems at Ericsson” available in the module network folder.

Summary of the study “Life Cycle Assessment of a Third Generation (3G) System at Ericsson” available in the module network folder.

Ericsson LCA

Goal– Develop a flexible LCA model with the capacity of

producing reliable environmental information for Ericsson’s present and future needs

– Develop a user-friendly database with all the LCA data collected during this and previous Ericsson LCA studies

– Determine and describe the environmental impact from Ericsson’s 3G wireless telecommunication systems

Ericsson LCA

Scope– System consists of 3G terminals, radio network,

control equipment & a core network with switches, routers, servers and workstations

– Transmission equipment like feeders and cables & site materials like antennas, climate control equipment and site housing

Ericsson LCA

Functional Unit– One year of operation of the 3G pilot system is

studied– For comparisons another functional unit, per

subscriber and information flow and year is needed.

Ericsson LCA

Following Indicators studied– Climate change– Resource depletion– Acidification– Photochemical ozone generation– Aquatic eutrophication– Terrestrial eutrophication– Ozone depletion– Land use– Human toxicity– Ecosystem toxicity

Ericsson LCA

Focuses on the climate change indicator as it is the most widely accepted environmental indicator.

Based on the global warming potential (GWP) and is measured in CO2 equivalents

Two external independent scientists reviewed the LCA to ensure carried out to ISO14040 series specification. Although data is not available to the public, the data used is valid and interpretations are accurate

Ericsson LCA

Ericsson LCA

Ericsson LCA

What impact does my 3G subscription have?

+0.06% raw material resources depletion +0.7% energy resources depletion & climate change +0.004% use of land resources

LCA of an Integrated Circuit

Paper available in Network folder EPROM IC chosen for study Gate to Gate study Functional Output is a complete EPROM

device Carried out according to relevant ISO

standards

LCA of an Integrated Circuit

Front End

Transport

Back End

Device

Raw Wafer

LCA of an Integrated Circuit

Oxidation Masking

EtchingDoping

Dielectric Deposition

Metallisation

PassivationElectrical Test

Raw Wafer

Processed Wafer

Front End Processed Wafer Production

LCA of an Integrated Circuit

Cut Welding Base

BoundingPackaging

Electrolytic Tuning

Surbase Clipping

Insert on Tube

Processed Wafer

Device

Back End Device Realisation

LCA of an Integrated Circuit

Transport– Packaging for transport– Truck to airport (40km)– Plane from Milan to Singapore (10,000km)– Truck to site (10km)

LCA of an Integrated Circuit

Material Quantity

DI Water 29 litres

Oxygen 140 mg

Nitrogen 122 g

Hydrogen 2.9 mg

Ceramic 7 g

PVC 0.4 g

HDPE 0.1 g

Lead 0.03 mg

Copper 1.2 mg

Tin 0.15 g

Boron 2.9 mg

Arsenic 6.9 mg

Selected total inventory data forone single EPROM device

LCA of an Integrated Circuit

Phase Quantity (MJ)

Front End 2.39

Transport 2 x 10 -6

Back End 10.11

Use 58.35

Total 70.85

Gross energy in different life cycle phases of one single device

LCA of an Integrated Circuit

Energy Use Phase– Specific device requires 0.36 Watts– Life estimated at 10 years– Equipment obsolescence estimated less than this (5

years)– Real operating time approx 33% of equipment life– 1MJ of electrical energy requires 3MJ of gross

energy– Use phase turns out to be 54 MJ

LCA of an Integrated Circuit

Effect Quantity (g equivalent) Unit

Global warming 394 CO2

Ozone Depletion 0.0001 CFC 11

Acidification 0.39 H+

Nutrient Enrichment 0.222 PO4

Average Environmental Effect related to one EPROM device

Streamlining the LCA Process

Full LCA is only practical with no limitations to time, expense, data availability etc…

In practice consists of many compromises Although very extensive LCA’s have been

conducted a complete quantitative LCA has never been accomplished nor is it ever likely to be

Design stage is best time to do LCA but very little data available at this point

The LCA Continuum

EcoscreeningFully Comprehensive LCA

Currently Accessible Region

Extensive LCA

Streamlined LCA

LCA Scoping

Streamlining the LCA Process

Screen the product with an inviolates list Limit of eliminate life-cycle stages Include only selected environmental impacts Include only selected inventory parameters Limit consideration to major constituents Limit or eliminate impact analysis Use surrogate data Use qualitative rather than quantitative data Eliminate interpretations or recommendations

The SLCA Matrix

Number of approaches developed adopting a matrix approach in which several life stages are evaluated for their potential impacts on a number of environmentally related concerns

Any SLCA process should allow for– Direct comparisons between rated products– Useable and consistent across different assessment teams– Encompass all stages of product life cycle– Address all relevant environmental concerns– Simple enough to permit relatively quick and inexpensive

assessments

The SLCA Matrix

Environmental Concern

Life Stage Materials Choice Energy Use Solid Residues Liquid Residues Gaseous Residues

Resource Extraction 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5

Product Manufacture 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5

Product Delivery 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5

Product Use 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5

Refurb/ Recycle/ Disposal 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5

Developed in 1993 at AT&T

The SLCA Matrix

Values may be – Binary

1 = problem 0 = no problem

– Ordinal 1-10 severity ranking 1-4 severity ranking

Assessor is providing a figure of merit to represent the estimated result from a more formal LCA

Should be guided by experience, design & manufacturing survey, appropriate checklists & other available info

The SLCA Matrix

Once an evaluation has been made for each matrix element the overall Environmentally Responsible Product Rating (RERP) is computed as the sum of the matrix element values

Process is qualitative and utilitarian but does provide a numerical end point against which to measure improvement

i j jiERP MR ,

Target Plots

The SLCA Matrix

Assignment of integer ratings may seem subjective, experiments at AT&T have been performed in which comparative assessments of products are made by several different industrial and environmental engineers. Overall product ratings differ by no more that 15%

SLCA Assets

More efficient & less costly (days vrs months) Useable at the early stage of design when

opportunities for change are greater Evaluate design attributes which are inherently

qualitative such as ease of dissassembly

SLCA Liabilities

Little or no ability to track overall material flows Little ability to compare completely dissimilar

approaches to fulfilling a need Little ability to track improvements over time

Cumulative Energy Demand as SLCA

Ref: Mhuijbregtsm M, Hellweg S, Hensriks "Cumulative Energy Demand As Predictor for the Environmental Burden of Commodity Production" Environ. Sci. Technol., Article ASAP DOI: 10.1021/es902870s

CED as SLCA

CED as SLCA

time

CED

CED as SLCA

T1

Further Reading

Graedel & Allenby, Chapter 17