Layout ENFOR vol.16/Ecfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/10273_e.pdf · Annual. Text in English and French with French text on inverted pages. Title on added t.p.: Bulletin ENFOR. Continues:

Volume 16 1995

Ressources naturellesCanada

Service canadiendes forêts

Natural ResourcesCanada

Canadian ForestService

— Energy from the Forest —

Compiled by

J. Karau

ENFOR Secretariat

Canadian Forest Service

Natural Resources Canada

Volume 16 1995

© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 1996Cat. No. Fo12-10/1995ISBN 0-662-62760-1ISSN 0714-5853

Copies of this publication may be obtained free of charge from:Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceManagement Services580 Booth StreetOttawa, OntarioK1A 0E4

A microfiche edition of this publication may be purchased from:Micromedia Ltd.240 Catherine St., Suite 305Ottawa, OntarioK2P 2G8

Production/Editing: C. CarmodyLayout/Design: D. Monette

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data

Canada. ENFOR Secretariat.ENFOR review: energy/from the forestVol. 16 (1995)Annual.Text in English and French with French text on inverted pages.Title on added t.p.: Bulletin ENFOR.Continues: Canadian Forest Service. ENFOR Secretariat.ENFOR review: energy from the forest, ISBN Key title: ENFOR review.ISSN 0714-5853

1. Biomass energy—Research—Canada—Periodicals.I. Title.II. Title: Energy from the forest.III. Title: Bulletin ENFOR.

TP360.E53 662'.88'072071 C93-099667-1E rev.

English Cover: Separating sort-yard debris in the British Columbia interior (ENFOR project P-463).(Photo courtesy of Patrick Forester, FERIC Western Division, Vancouver, BritishColumbia)

French Cover: Shoots of basket willow, Salix viminalis L., measuring 3-m high one season afterworking roots are 4 years old. (ENFOR project P-446). (Photo courtesy of MichelLabrecque, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Montréal, Québec.)

Printed on alkalinepermanent paperP R I N T E D I N C A N A D A

Printed onrecycled paper

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

ENFOR Priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

ENFOR Project List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Abstracts of Available Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

P-393 Does tree biotechnology have a role to play in high-energy plantations? . . . . . . . . . . 23

P-400 A long-term effect of N fertilization on the 13C CPMAS NMR of de-ashedsoil humin in a second-growth Douglas-fir stand of coastal British Columbia . . . . . . 23

P-410 Early testing for superior growth and fitness in hybrid poplar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Process modeling of hybrid poplar growth: Tool or toy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

P-411 Individual-tree biomass estimation—Where are we? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Sustainability of nutrient supply to short-rotation jack pine forests for energy . . . . 25

P-412 Physiological and cellular studies of nitrogen cycling in poplar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

P-414 Influence of fertilizer placement and form of nitrogen on the growthof hybrid poplar at a site in eastern Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

P-419 Sludge fertilization of willow under short-rotation culture: Biomassproductivity and environmental impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

P-420 Economic assessment of short-rotation forestry and switchgrassplantations for energy production in central Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Short-rotation forestry and the water problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Technology evaluation and development of short rotation forestryfor energy production. Annual report 1994–95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

P-424 The status of production systems for energy forestry plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

P-426 Possibilities for the application of 13C nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy to biomass feedstocks and conversion processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

P-428 Analysis of the integrated production of forest biomass and timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

P-429 Economics of forest biomass as a fuel or feedstock for energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Willow biomass prototype farms of the University of Toronto:Status and future plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

P-432 Review and assessment of genetic improvement for Salicaceae(Phase 1 Final Report) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

P-433 Impact of different initial spacings on the growth of the hybrid poplarDN74 (Populus deltoides × P. nigra) in eastern Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

P-435 20th-century carbon budget of Canadian forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

P-436 An overview of the demand and supply of domestic fuelwood in Newfoundland . . . . 32

P-438 Early response of hybrid poplar to phosphorus and potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Effect of weed control and fertilization on growth of hybrid poplar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

P-439 Homology between vegetative and seed storage proteins of Populusand detection in tissue culture and grown plantlets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Molecular biology of tree nutrient storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Nutrient deposition in Populus cuttings, plantlets and callus underdifferent nitrogen regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Storage compound in Populus cuttings in response to two differentnitrogen regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

P-441 Canker diseases that limit the establishment of energy plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Pest problems on immature poplar and willow in Ontarioand their potential threat to plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

iv

v

This publication presents abstracts of recentlyissued ENFOR (ENergy from the FORest) reportsas well as an updated list of ENFOR projects.

ENFOR was established in 1978 as part of afederal interdepartmental initiative to developrenewable energy sources. It is a contract researchand development (R&D) program aimed at gen-erating sufficient knowledge and technology torealize a marked increase in the contribution offorest biomass to Canada’s energy supply.

Administered by the Canadian Forest Ser-vice, the ENFOR program deals with biomasssupply matters such as inventory, growth, har-vesting, processing, transportation, environmentalimpacts, and socioeconomic impacts and con-straints. The program normally provides totalfunding for contracted studies, the results ofwhich become the property of the federal gov-ernment and are freely available to the public.

A technical committee oversees the programand develops priorities, assesses proposals, andmakes recommendations. Approved projects arethen contracted out to the private sector. Althoughmost project ideas are generated by the CanadianForest Service personnel, proposals from outsidesources are welcomed. These proposals shouldbe submitted through the appropriate regionalestablishments or the Canadian Forest Serviceheadquarters. Proposals are assessed in Novem-ber of each year. The program operates on thebasis of the fiscal year, from April 1 to March 31.On average, about $1 million is spent annuallyon ENFOR projects.

The program is coordinated by the CanadianForest Service headquarters, but most projectsare managed by one of the five Canadian ForestService centers. Scientists at these establish-ments initiate project proposals in response toregional and national priorities; they implementand manage approved projects; they carry outin-house R&D; and they prepare informationreports. A scientific authority is assigned to eachproject to follow its progress and serve as theprincipal contact between the contractors andENFOR program managers. The involvement ofregional personnel provides the local perspectivenecessary to ensure the success of this nationalprogram.

Study results are either distributed as con-tractors’ reports, or published in the CanadianForest Service Information Report series or intechnical journals. Comprehensive and detailedreports on the work are available and may beobtained on request from the addresses indicatedwith the individual abstracts in this publication.

For further information, write or telephoneyour nearest Canadian Forest Service researchcenter or the ENFOR Secretariat at the CanadianForest Service headquarters. To have your nameadded to the national mailing list, write to theENFOR Secretariat.

ENFOR SecretariatCanadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada580 Booth StreetOttawa, OntarioK1A 0E4(613) 947-8997

Pacific Forestry CentreCanadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada506 West Burnside RoadVictoria, British ColumbiaV8Z 1M5(250) 363-0600

Northern Forestry CentreCanadian Forest ServiceNatural Resources Canada5320-122nd StreetEdmonton, AlbertaT6H 3S5(403) 435-7210

Great Lakes Forestry CentreCanadian Forest Service Natural Resources CanadaP.O. Box 4901219 Queen Street EastSault Ste. Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7(705) 949-9461

Preface

Laurentian Forestry CentreCanadian Forest Service Natural Resources CanadaP.O. Box 38001055 rue du P.E.P.S.Sainte-Foy, QuebecG1V 4C7(418) 648-5850

Atlantic Forestry CentreCanadian Forest ServiceNatural Resources CanadaP.O. Box 4000Frederiction, New BrunswickE3B 5P7(506) 452-3500

vi

Note: During the first 6 years of the ENFOR program, numerous projects were undertaken in thebiomass conversion area. Efficiency and Alternative Energy Technology Branch, Natural ResourcesCanada, is now responsible for this topic. Information can be obtained from the Bioenergy Group,580 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0E4, (613) 996-6226.

The ENFOR Program is funded by the federal Panel on Energy R&D (PERD).

Preface

vii

The current priorities of the ENFOR program are:

1. Intensive Silviculture

To develop and test methods and systems forincreasing forest biomass productivity.

2. Environmental Effects

To assess the environmental effects of inten-sified biomass production and harvestingfor energy purposes.

3. Economics

To assess social, economic, technical, and insti-tutional influences of and constraints to anincreasing use of forest biomass for energyproduction.

4. Technology Transfer

To make the results of the program avail-able to potential users in a readily accessibleformat.

Note: To date, 284 projects have been completed,or are in progress. The projects are listed onthe following pages, in order of the fiscalyear in which they were initiated; projectsthat have reports available for distribu-tion are identified by an asterisk (*).

ENFOR Priorities

*Reports are available for projects identified with an asterisk.

1

Energy from Newfoundland’s forest biomass

Assessment of fuelwood consumption on theisland of Newfoundland

Forest biomass inventory of the Oxford area,Cumberland Co., N.S.

Volume of wood residues for energy produc-tion at Parent, Que.

Impact of short rotations and whole-tree har-vesting on forest nutrient budgets

Use of nitrogen fixation in high utilizationforestry

Intensive culture of green ash and Japaneselarch plantations to maximize biomass pro-duction

Study to develop a master plan for publicawareness of forest biomass as a source ofenergy

Direct assessment of forest biomass with aradar altimeter

Updating of publications of literature reviewsconcerning forest biomass

Biomass growth and yield prediction

Harvesting cost estimates of forest biomass

Data collection for mature softwood biomassconversion factors

(No contractor involved. Work carriedout by Newfoundland ForestResearch Centre)

Northland Associates Ltd.St. John’s, Nfld.

Woodlot Services Ltd.Fredericton, N.B.

Blais, McNeil, Lussier, Tremblayet Associés

Sainte-Foy, Que.

University of British ColumbiaDr. J.P. KimminsVancouver, B.C.

Université LavalDr. A. FortinSainte-Foy, Que.

Ontario Ministry of NaturalResources

Hough, Stansbury & Associates Ltd.Toronto, Ont.

GTW Resource Inventory Radar Ltd.Prescott , Ont.

Alan Moss & Associates Ltd.Kelowna, B.C.

Mr. A. BickerstaffWoodlawn, Ont.

Arbex Forest Development Company Ltd.

Ottawa, Ont.

Horton Forestry Services Ltd.Stouffville, Ont.

*P-1

*P-2

*P-4

*P-6

*P-8

*P-9

P-10

P-11

P-14

*P-15

*P-16

*P-19

P-20

ENFOR Project List

Projects Initiated in Fiscal Year 1978–1979

ProjectNo. Contractor Title

2 ENFOR Review 1995


Forest biomass for energy inventory

Biomass volume and yield tables for youngaspen stands

Prediction of forest residues after harvesting

Availability of forest biomass on VancouverIsland

Program management agreement (extendedharvesting)

Macronutrient content of deciduous tree andshrub samples from the Great Lakes–St.Lawrence Forest Region

Native poplars and white birch as an unex-ploited biomass source in Ontario

Development of a field treatment system forlogging residues to facilitate transportationand subsequent conversion to energy

Biomass inventory of a selected area of mixed-wood tolerant hardwood forest in central NewBrunswick

Biomass harvesting and chipping of a selectedarea of mixedwood tolerant hardwood forestin central New Brunswick

Effects of harvesting biomass for energy on thenutrient status and long-term productivityof forest sites

Rate of growth of biomass in young, naturallyregenerated stands of different species andorigins

Arch Enterprises Ltd.Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.

Western Ecological Services Ltd.Edmonton, Alta.

Timmerlinn Ltd.Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Que.

Paul H. Jones and Associates Ltd.Vancouver, B.C.

Forest Engineering Research Institute of Canada

Pointe-Claire, Que.

Northwest Soil Research Ltd.Edmonton, Alta.


Forestal International Ltd.Vancouver, B.C.


Valley Forest Products Ltd.Nakawic, N.B.

Dalhousie UniversityMr. A. HansonHalifax, N.S.

University of New BrunswickDr. A.J. KayllFredericton, N.B.

*P-21

*P-22

*P-23

*P-25

*P-28

P-138

P-30

*P-36

*P-38

*P-39

*P-40

P-41




ENFOR Review 1995 3


Upper limits of standing crop density andgrowth rates for woody species in the PrairieProvinces

Methods of harvesting logging residues in soft-wood stands

Energy analysis of energy from the forestoptions

Preparation of a proposal to develop a compre-hensive forest biomass growth model

Planting machine for mini-rotation poplar

Field research and computer simulation mod-eling of the long-term consequences of inten-sive biomass fertility and bio-mass production

Intensive culture of plantations to maximizebiomass production

Use of nitrogen-fixing and micorrhizal sym-bioses in forests to increase biomass produc-tion and maintain soil fertility

Development of biomass production equationsfor 10 commercial tree species in the PrairieProvinces

Strategy paper on the nature and level of forestbiomass harvesting impacts on the forestenvironment

Development of a stand growth model for trem-bling aspen in the Prairie Provinces of Canada

Tree weight tables for Newfoundland

Whole-tree chipping for hog fuel

Biomass accumulation and nutrient uptakeof hybrid poplar: Clones 1-45/51 and DN17

*P-51

*P-54

*P-59

*P-64

P-67

P-71

P-75

*P-78

*P-92

*P-95

P-102

*P-112

*P-115

*P-121


Darveau, Grenier, Lussier et AssociésQuebec, Que.

ESM Energy System Management Ltd.London, Ont.

University of British ColumbiaDr. J.H.G. SmithVancouver, B.C.

HYD-Mech. Engineering Ltd.Woodstock, Ont.


Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources



Le Groupe Dryade LtéeQuebec, Que.

University of AlbertaDr. K.O. Higginbothom, Dr. I.D. HeidtEdmonton, Alta.


Price (Nfld.) Pulp & Paper Ltd.Grand Falls, Nfld.

University of TorontoProf. M. HubbesToronto, Ont.


4 ENFOR Review 1995


Analysis of the industry and socioeconomiceffects of forest biomass energy use in B.C.

Update of Canadian activities in poplar bio-mass production and utilization

Salvage yarding systems and costs in Pacificcoast forest

Operational computerized direct data entrytechnology for collection and analysis of bio-physical and biomass data

Forest biomass inventory system

Development of a biomass prediction for Yukontree species

Development of system to estimate quantity ofbiomass following logging in British Columbiaforests to specified recovery criteria

Integrated logging for production of pulp-wood and hog fuel

Manual of data collection and processing for thedevelopment of forest biomass relationships

Reforestation of areas harvested for biomass

Forest biomass inventory of Newfoundland

Development and pilot-scale demonstrationof an integrated information and mappingcapability for forest biomass inventories inthe Prairie Provinces and the Northwest Ter-ritories

T. McDaniels Research Resource Ltd.Vancouver, B.C.

Poplar Council of CanadaMaple, Ont.

Nawitka Renewable ResourceConsultants Ltd.

Victoria, B.C.

Comstat Consulting Services Ltd.Ottawa, Ont.

Statistics CanadaOttawa, Ont.


Victoria, B.C.

Talisman Projects Inc.Vancouver, B.C.


(No contractor involved; work carriedout by Petawawa National ForestryInstitute)



Systemhouse LimitedOttawa, Ont.

*P-135

*P-139

*P-162

P-66

P-140

*P-141

*P-142

*P-143

*P-144

P-145

*P-146

*P-148




ENFOR Review 1995 5


Impact of climate variation on boreal forestbiomass through the use of tree-ring analysis

Extensive literature survey of the growth,yield, and biomass of different tree speciesand other vegetation present in the borealzone

Biomass harvesting in tolerant hardwoods

Hardwood coppice silviculture

Postcut impacts in hardwood stands

Future use of forest biomass in Quebec

Rate of biomass growth and production inplantations

Field sampling to establish a data base forregional biomass prediction equations

Costs of harvesting and chipping aspen forenergy production

Impact on wildlife of short-rotation manage-ment of boreal aspen stands

Evaluation of potential interactions betweenforest biomass production and wildlife

Preparation of a report on ENFOR projectP-21

Survey of biomass estimation projects

*P-149

*P-150

*P-152

P-154

P-155

*P-157

*P-158

*P-159

*P-163

*P-164

*P-170

P-182

P-219

FORINTEK Canada Corp.Vancouver, B.C.


Lake Superior Forestry ServicesSault Ste. Marie, Ont.

Perreault, Larouche, Houde et AssociésQuebec, Que.



University of New BrunswickFredericton, N.B.


The Coban Institute ResourceManagement Consultants

Edmonton, Alta.

D.A. Westworth and Associates Ltd.Edmonton, Alta.


Dr. J.B. ThomasBruce Mines, Ont.

T.M. Thomson & Assoc. Ltd.Victoria, B.C.


6 ENFOR Review 1995


Development of biomass prediction equationsand inventory guidelines for six tree speciesin the Northwest Territories

Salix (willow) for biomass fuel and energyconservation

Data collection for developing stand and single-tree biomass functions for naturally grown east-ern white pine, red pine, eastern white cedar,eastern red cedar and tamarack in Ontario

Further development of logging residue pro-cessing systems

Evaluation of net biomass harvesting and pro-cessing costs when sites rehabilitation is con-sidered a benefit

An evaluation of the economics of harvestingfuelwood under five different stand conditionson Prince Edward Island

Tree weight equations for Newfoundland

Harvesting forest biomass as an alternativefuel

Regeneration assessment following completetree harvesting

Alnus for energy production

Computer modeling of intensive biomass man-agement impacts

Maintaining soil fertility through nitrogen fixingand mycorrhizal symbioses

Impact of harvesting immature trees by thewhole-tree method on the microbiology, organicmatter contents, and nitrogen transformationof a forest soil

Timmerlinn Ltd.Sainte-Agathe-des-Monts, Que.

(Various contractors)


Forestal International Ltd.Vancouver, B.C.

British Columbia Ministry of ForestsVictoria, B.C.

Prince Edward Island Dept.of Agriculture & Forestry

Charlottetown, P.E.I.


Bowater Newfoundland Ltd.Corner Brook, Nfld.

Les Consultants Pluritec LtéeTrois-Rivières, Que.




University of GuelphGuelph, Ont.

*P-169

*P-172

*P-179

P-183

P-184

*P-189

*P-190

*P-191

P-193

P-194

*P-197

*P-198

*P-199



ENFOR Review 1995 7


Design and fabrication of a bundle tying devicefor the mini-rotation harvester

Impact on wildlife of short-rotation manage-ment of boreal aspen stands

Determination of biomass and nutrient con-tent in trees, ground, vegetation and soil ofaspen stands in the Prairie Provinces

Development of a integrated harvesting andprocessing system for hardwood sawmillingand energy production

Development of the RECUFOR logging residueprocessor (FERIC proposal F-1)

Preparation of report on ENFOR project P-152

Application of the RECUFOR rotor to com-minution of residues at landings and pro-cessing plants

Development of a roll splitter (new FERICproposal)

Study of conventional forest products andenergy as competing uses for the forest bio-mass (joint EMR-CREB/ENFOR project)

Black spruce biomass determination in Quebec

Impact of forest biomass production on rep-tiles and amphibians in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence forest region

Coordination of ENFOR biomass estimationprojects, and development of biomass esti-mates based on provincial timber inventories

Feasibility of biomass-fired heating at CFBBorden

Transfer of nitrogen fixing ability from alderto birch

Hovey and Associates (1979) Ltd.Ottawa, Ont.

D.A. Westworth and Associates Ltd.Edmonton, Alta.

Alan Moss & Associates Ltd.Kelowna, B.C.

Woodland Resource Services Ltd.Edmonton, Alta.

Forest Engineering Research Instituteof Canada

Pointe-Claire, Que.

Matcam Forestry Consultants Ltd.Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.


Pointe-Claire, Que.


Pointe-Claire, Que.

Inter Group Consulting Economists Ltd.Winnipeg , Man.

Groupe Poulin Thériault LtéeQuebec, Que.

The Environmental ApplicationsGroup Ltd.

Toronto, Ont.

T.M. Thomson & Associates Ltd.Victoria, B.C.

Charles Turner and Associates Ltd.Don Mills, Ont.

Université LavalSainte-Foy, Que.

P-201

*P-203

P-205

*P-207

*P-210

P-211

P-215

*P-216

*P-224

*P-225

P-226

P-227

*P-228

P-232


8 ENFOR Review 1995


Equipment test and simulation model forharvesting small woodlots

Development of a mechanized brush harvester

Energy plantations and soil nutrients levels

Stem measurement and mass data collectionfor 15 native hardwood species in Ontario

Biomass equations for Quebec

Trial conversion of conventional inventory datato biomass data in New Brunswick

Pilot trial of a forest biomass inventory

Pilot study for a Canada biomass inventory

Optimization of the RECUFOR rotor

Review and synthesis of ENFOR accom-plishments

Biomass equations for Yukon species

Trial conversion of conventional inventory datato biomass data in Nova Scotia

Land application of an industrial sludge tohybrid poplar plantations

Preparation of report on ENFOR project P-138


ELMS Design IncorporatedAncaster, Ont.

Ontario Ministry of Natural ResourcesKemptville, Ont.

Dendron Resource Surveys Ltd.Ottawa, Ont.

Blais, McNeil, Lussier et AssociésSainte-Foy, Que.

New Brunswick Departmentof Natural Resources

Fredericton, N.B.




Pointe-Claire, Que.



Victoria, B.C.

Nova Scotia Department of Landsand Forests

Truro, N.S.

Dupont Canada Inc.Maitland, Ont.

Dr. I.R. MethvenFredericton, N.B.

*P-237

P-231

P-233

*P-234

*P-236

*P-238

P-240

P-242

P-243

*P-245

*P-246

*P-247

P-248

P-249




ENFOR Review 1995 9


Processing biomass with the separator-shearin a central location

Recovery and transport of roadside biomassin mountainous terrain

Residential fuelwood supply and consump-tion on southern Vancouver Island and theLower Mainland

Socioeconomic impact of an integrated fueland fire production and merchandising sys-tem for the British Columbia coast

Green volume (basic) specific gravity of treespecies in the Prairie Provinces

Determination of available heat of combus-tion data for Canadian woody species

Development of silvicultural treatments tomaximize biomass production in aspen stands

Ovendry mass and volume equations forCanadian species

Biomass growth and yield models for the majorforest cover types of the Maritimes

Domestic fuelwood consumption in New-foundland

Calibration of FORCYTE simulation modelfor Newfoundland forest types

Access data for 1984 national biomass inventory

Coordination of the national forest biomassinventory program

Compilation of forest biomass inventories forNew Brunswick


Vancouver, B.C.


Vancouver, B.C.



Victoria, B.C.

University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alta.

FORINTEK Canada Corp.Ottawa, Ont.


L.R. RoyPembroke, Ont.

Woodlot Service (1978) Ltd.Fredericton, N.B.





New Brunswick Departmentof Natural Resources

Fredericton, N.B.

*P-250

*P-251

P-252

*P-253

P-255

*P-256

*P-257

P-258

P-262

*P-263

*P-264

P-265

P-266

P-268



10 ENFOR Review 1995


Compilation of forest biomass inventories forNova Scotia

Compilation of forest biomass inventories forManitoba

Compilation of forest biomass inventories andcollection of forest biomass data

Collection of forest biomass data on unsur-veyed forest lands in Ontario

Collection of forest biomass data for the PrairieProvinces and Northwest Territories

Collection of forest biomass data for the Yukon

Production of national forest biomass inven-tory report

Terminology relating to forest biomass forenergy

Collection of forest biomass data for Quebec

Effect of acid rain on the development ofmycorrhiza

Refinement, evaluation, and testing ofFORCYTE simulation models

Calibration of FORCYTE simulation modelfor application in central Canada

Impact of intensive forestry on denitrificationkinetics in forest soils

Assembly of a base collection of CanadianAlnus seed

Poplars and willows—their socioeconomicimpact in Canada

Preparation of a report on ENFOR projectsP-183 and P-184

Nova Scotia Department of Landsand Forests

Truro, N.S.

Manitoba Data ServicesWinnipeg, Man.

British Columbia Ministry of ForestsVictoria, B.C.



(No contractor involved.Work carried outby Pacific Forest Research Centre)



Pointe-Claire, Que.




University of TorontoToronto, Ont.

University of WindsorWindsor, Ont.


Poplar Council of CanadaMaple, Ont.

Philip Oakley & AssociatesVancouver, B.C.

P-269

P-270

P-271

P-272

P-273

P-275

*P-276

*P-280

P-283

P-284

P-285

P-286

P-287

P-288

P-289

*P-291


ENFOR Review 1995 11


Economic evaluation of wood chip productionalternatives for P.E.I.

Preparation of economic forecasts for oil andnatural gas relevant to British Columbia pulpand paper mills

Review of commercial and industrial wood/peat energy in Atlantic Canada, 1978–83 andbeyond

Energy biomass yield by selected full-treeharvesting methods in frozen conditions

Identification of logging waste in the Van-couver forest region

Field testing of the experimental prototypeof the roll splitter

Report on European congress on economics andmanagement of energy in industry

Reforestation after whole-tree harvesting ofwhite birch stands for biomass energy

Estimation of nutrient reserves in biomasscomponents

Intensive short-rotation culture of hybridpoplar for energy in Prince Edward Island

Configuration of small scale biomass harvestand transport systems

Biomass productivity of alder (Alnus rugosa)in the Maritimes

Field evaluation of superior clones of Alnusfor energy plantations

IEA Consulting Group Ltd.Charlottetown, P.E.I.

Robinson Consulting and Associates Ltd.Victoria, B.C.



Pointe-Claire, Que.


Victoria, B.C.


Pointe-Claire, Que.

Sandwell and Company Ltd.Vancouver, B.C.

Abitibi-Price Inc.Grand Falls, Nfld.


Prince Edward Island Departmentof Energy and Forestry

Charlottetown, P.E.I.

Kipping and AssociatesFredericton, N.B.



*P-292

*P-293

*P-294

P-295

*P-296

P-297

P-298

P-299

P-300

*P-301

*P-302

P-303

P-304






Application of FORCYTE to deciduous species

Research and development needs in forest bio-mass inventory methodology

A study of the relationship between nutrientlevels in hybrid poplar biomass and the nutri-ent status of the soil

Forest drainage: A literature review and anevaluation of cost-benefits for increasing bio-mass production on Canadian peatlands

Field trials for development of a mechanizedbrush harvester

Transportation of full trees on public roads

Development of forest biomass compactionsystems

Adaptation of the FORCYTE model for appli-cation in Alberta aspen stands

Biomass and energy potential of tree speciesin Manitoba

Non-inventoried forest area update by Prairietownship with Landsat imagery

Development of equipment for recovery ofroadside biomass in mountainous terrain

A supply and decision-making model for im-proved ENFOR planning and evaluation

Estimation of the effect of special biomassremoval situations on forest wildlife (cervids)in B.C.

Study of hardwoods nursery techniques forbiomass production

R. RagbarWillowdale, Ont.


Queen’s UniversityKingston, Ont.

Montreal Engineering Co. Ltd.Rexdale, Ont.

ELMS Design IncorporatedAncaster, Ont; and Matcam Forestry Consultants Inc.Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.


Pointe-Claire, Que.


Pointe-Claire, Que.


I.D. Systems Ltd.Winnipeg, Man.



Vancouver, B.C.

McDaniels Research Ltd.Vancouver, B.C.

Transamerica Environmental ScienceConsultants

Duncan, B.C.

City of Montreal Botanical GardenMontreal, Que.

P-305

P-306

*P-307

P-309

P-311

*P-312

*P-313

P-314

P-315

P-316

*P-317

*P-318

*P-319

P-320




Coordination of FORCYTE application studies

The effects of selected harvesting methods ofjack pine on energy biomass yield and truckload characteristics

Chemical analysis of plant and soil samplesfrom selected forestry plots

Winter harvesting of aspen for integratedutilization

Impacts of biomass harvesting on soil physi-cal and hydrological properties

Role of biomass in British Columbia pulp andpaper industry’s energy strategy 1974–1984

Rock separation from sortyard debris

Study of peatland drainage sites in Ontario

Field testing of in-vitro culture of nitrogen-fixing Alnus

Calibration of FORCYTE simulation modelwith hybrid poplars

Consolidation of tree biomass equations

Study of hog fuel availability on the southcoast, B.C.



Pointe-Claire, Que.

Can Test Ltd.Vancouver, B.C.


Talisman Land Resource ConsultantsVancouver, B.C.

Robinson Consulting and Associates Ltd.Victoria, B.C.


Vancouver, B.C.


Denis LachanceGloucester, Ont.

R. RagbarWillowdale, Ont.

Sigma Systems and SoftwareDeep River, Ont.

Reid, Collins & Associates Ltd.Vancouver, B.C.

P-321

*P-322

P-323

P-324

*P-325

*P-326

*P-327

P-328

P-329

P-330

P-331

*P-332








Determination of productivity in two-year-old aspen cutovers

Determination of Saskatchewan non-core areasof wood supply

Wood density—A study of important Cana-dian species

Economic analysis of producing biomass fuelwood in Canada using two systems: the log-ging residue processor and the Crabe combinebrush harvester

Evaluation of nutrient budget data for theMaritime Provinces

Feasibility of using ectomycorrhizal fungi toalleviate drought-related problems of con-tainerized seedlings

Case studies of operational experiences ofbiomass harvesting systems

Preparation of a forest biomass manual

Estimation of biomass of forest stands usingpulsed laser technology

Production of regional biomass yield tablesfor Canada

Preparation and demonstration of loggingequipment and techniques at SILVILOG ’86

Characterization of new isolates of Frankia

Microcomputer version of FORCYTE-11

Development of high yielding willows for energyproduction by interspecific hybridization

Production of a user friendly manual forFORCYTE-11

P. HendricksEdmonton, Alta.

Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd.Prince Albert, Saskatchewan

FORINTEK Canada Corp.Vancouver, B.C.

Kipping & Associates Ltd.Fredericton, N.B.

S.M. MaliondoFredericton, N.B.

Nova Scotia Research FoundationDartmouth, N.S.

Kipping & Associates Ltd.Fredericton, N.B.




J. KivistePembroke, Ont.



University of TorontoToronto, Ont.

Life Science Programming Ltd.Vancouver, B.C.

*P-333

P-334

*P-335

P-336

*P-337

*P-338

P-339

*P-340

P-341

*P-342

P-343

P-344

*P-345

*P-346

P-347




An interactive data retrieval system forCanada’s forest biomass inventory

Residual hog fuel yield factors for merchant-able logs in B.C.

Hog fuel availability in north coastal andinterior B.C.

Application of FORCYTE-11 to aspen mixedstands in Alberta

Conservative soil management for intensivelymanaged conifer plantations

Evaluation of biomass and nutrient relation-ships of Frankia-inoculated Alnus

Calibration of FORCYTE-11 with hybrid poplar

Evaluation of physiological quality of nursery-produced forest reproduction material

Potential for acidification of sites due to inten-sive harvesting

Energy plantation model

The relationship of energy biomass removalto silvicultural benefits

A feasibility study for the calibration, testing,and evaluation of FORCYTE-11 using datafrom CFS Shawnigan Lake project

Completion of a development/demonstration dataset for FORCYTE-11 by upgrading the exist-ing FORCYTE-10 Douglas-fir/red alder data set

Modeling support for regional CFS applicationsand completion of benchmark FORCYTE-11model

DMR Group Inc.Ottawa, Ont.


Victoria, B.C.



G.M. Wickware & Associates Ltd.Burlington, Ont.


Ragtics ConsultingMississauga, Ont.


Pamela RideoutFredericton, N.B.

D. Fletcher & Associates Ltd.Fulford Harbour, B.C.


G. Godfrey



P-349

*P-350

P-351

*P-353

*P-354

P-355

P-356

*P-358

P-361

*P-362

*P-363

P-367

*P-368

P-369





Allocating forest biomass between traditionaluses and energy

Future opportunities for biomass energy inBritish Columbia

Impact of biomass harvesting on soil distur-bance and surface soil erosion

Completion of FORCYTE-11 users’ guide,Volume II

Effects of interplanting Sitka alder with lodge-pole pine

Silvicultural treatments to maximize yield ofaspen

A study to test and evaluate FORCYTE-11using data from the CFS Shawnigan Lakeproject

Impact of machine travel on soil physical prop-erties in relation to biomass harvesting

Current biomass status of red alder in coast-al B.C.

User support for FORCYTE-11 benchmarkmodel, publication of FORCYTE manuals asENFOR reports, coordination of technicalevaluation, and collection/cataloguing of allFORCYTE documents

Systems and sensitivity analysis of theFORCYTE-11 benchmark model


Victoria, B.C.


Victoria, B.C.

Westland Resource GroupVictoria, B.C.


Weyerhaeuser CanadaPenticton, B.C.

G. BrandChalk River, Ont.

D. SachsOregon State University


Vancouver, B.C.


Victoria, B.C.



*P-364

*P-365

*P-366

*P-370

*P-371

P-372

*P-374

P-375

P-376

*P-377

P-378







Economic feasibility of utilizing logging slashand fire-killed timber for energy in Manitoba

Impact of biomass harvesting on the nutrientstatus of boreal mixedwood stands in north-ern Ontario

Ameliorating environmental impacts of bio-mass production in short rotation energyplantations by biofertilization

Selection and evaluation of Frankia isolates

Short-rotation intensive culture of woodyspecies for energy production

Impact of total biomass harvesting on poten-tial soil acidification, nutrient availabilityand losses

Environmental impact of whole-tree and con-ventional harvesting of white birch for fuel-wood

The annual carbon budget of the Canadianforest sector

Regeneration of cutover following biomassharvesting

Water movement through a white birch fuel-wood stand and site

Whole-tree harvesting and sustainable siteproductivity

Evaluation of high yielding and environmen-tally efficient willow clones for biomass plan-tations and fiber production

Use of genetic transformation to modify growthperformance of hybrid poplar

Reid, Collins and Associates Ltd.Vancouver, B.C.

G.M. Wickware and Associates Ltd.Burlington, Ont.

M. Kean Resources Inc.Timmins, Ont.

D. LachanceOttawa, Ont.




Environmental and Social SystemsAnalysts Ltd.

Vancouver, B.C.

University of New BrunswickFredericton, N.B.

Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’s, Nfld.

Outreach ProductionsKeswick, N.B.

University of TorontoDr. L. ZsuffaToronto, Ont.


*P-379

P-380

P-381

P-382

P-383

*P-384

*P-385

*P-387

P-388

P-389

P-390

P-392

*P-393






Selection and evaluation of Frankia isolates:Strain typing by DNA mapping

Continuation of a case study on biomass pro-ductivity in young aspen cutovers in north-central Alberta

A. Completion and reporting of ForestryCanada’s evaluation of FORCYTE-11, thebenchmark model

B. Assessment of the feasibility and cost ofrestructuring FORCYTE-11 for applicationto climate change issues

Development of a manual for managing B.C.woodlots for fuelwood production

Effects of intensive silviculture (fertilizationand thinning) on the quality and profile dis-tribution of soil organic matter in a youngDouglas-fir ecosystem

A summary of energy usage/requirements inthe Canadian forest sector

Evaluation of FORCYTE 11-4.1a as a simu-lator of the long-term impact of intensive for-est harvest and management in Douglas-fir

United States/Canada symposium on the impli-cations of climate change for Pacific North-west forest management

Effects of converting old-growth forests tomanaged forests: Changes in site carbonand nutrient contents during post-harvestsuccession

The impact of intensive biomass harvestingon sediment production and routing to streamchannels

University of OttawaDr. D.A. JohnsonOttawa, Ont.

Hugh Hamilton Ltd.Edmonton, Alta.


Sterling Wood Group Inc.Victoria, B.C

(No contractor involved. Work carriedout by Pacific and Yukon Region)

Environmental and Social SystemsAnalysts Ltd.

Vancouver, B.C.

D. SachsKamloops, B.C.



Triton Environmental Consultants Ltd.Richmond, B.C.

P-394

P-395

P-397

P-399

*P-400

*P-401

P-402

P-403

*P-404

*P-405






Impact of machine travel on soil physical prop-erties in a biomass-harvested area. Phase II:flat to gentle terrain

Decomposition and the fate of carbon in woodylitter derived from precommercial thinningof a Douglas-fir ecosystem

Development of a decision support system foraspen management

Fast-growing trees: Early testing and environ-mental fitness

Can jack pine be managed in an environmen-tally acceptable way for production of energybiomass?

Physiological and cellular assessment of nitro-gen cycling in Salix and Populus

Interplanting Sitka alder with lodgepole pine

Developing efficient fertilizer prescriptionsto improve poplar productivity in southeast-ern Ontario

Strategies for using roadside forest residues

Economic impact of changes in growth and yieldand stand establishment following removalof biomass for energy with and without com-pensatory fertilization

Ecotypic (genetic) variation in growth responsesin natural populations of Salix discolor Mühl.

Data analysis for P-384

Using sewage sludge in short rotation inten-sive culture

Forest Engineering ResearchInstitute of Canada

Vancouver, B.C.


M. EismontEdmonton, Alta.

University of British ColumbiaK. BrownVancouver, B.C.



Weyerhaeuser CanadaPenticton, B.C.


Université LavalSainte-Foy, Que.

University of MonctonEdmundston, N.B.

The HubSt. John’s, Newfoundland

(No contractor involved.Work carriedout by Maritimes Region)


P-406

P-407

P-408

*P-410

*P-411

*P-412

P-413

*P-414

P-415

*P-416

P-417

P-418

*P-419






Technology evaluation and development ofshort rotation forestry for energy production

Relationships between efficient fertilizationand internal nitrogen cycling in poplar

The economic potential of alternative silvi-culture options for biomass energy in north-ern Ontario

Application of the Carbon Budget Model of theCanadian Forest Sector activities (CBM-CFS),in an energy policy context

The status of production systems for energyforestry plantations

Technology transfer conference on forest bio-mass and co-generation opportunities in BritishColumbia

Transformations of organic C pools in forestecosystems of coastal British Columbia

An economic evaluation of forest improvementopportunities and impacts from a biomassfuel market at an energy co-generation facilityin southwestern Nova Scotia

Financial analysis of the simultaneous mar-keting of conventional forest products andbiomass for energy plantations

Energy willow plantations: A demonstrationproject

Maximizing biomass production of willowspecies by short rotation intensive culture insouthern Quebec

National estimates of Canada’s forest biomass —PNFI Forest Inventory

REAP-CanadaSainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Que.


University of GuelphGuelph, Ont.

ESSA Environmental and SocialSystems Analysts Ltd.

Vancouver, B.C.

Poplar Council of Canada Edmonton, Alta.



Forestry Expert SystemsTruro, N.S

L.-J. LussierSainte-Foy, Que.

University of TorontoDr. A. KenneyToronto, Ontario

City of Montreal Botanical GardenMontreal, Quebec

(No contractors involved. Work carriedout by Petawawa National ForestryInstitute.)

*P-420

P-421

P-422

P-423

*P-424

P-425

*P-426

*P-427

* P-428

*P-429

*P-430

P-431






A review and assessment of genetic improve-ment and a strategy proposal for tree typewillows

Assessment of biomass productivity in a hybridpoplar spacing trial

Recent developments in short rotation inten-sive culture

Publishing results from applications of theCarbon Budget Model of the Canadian ForestSector (CBM-CFS) and development of a modelfrom State of Environment and State of Forestsreports

Study of the production of domestic fuelwoodin Newfoundland

Energy biomass, forest management andregional economic development: Developmentof an interconnected model and feasibilityanalysis of a project in the Quebec Model Forest

Effect of fertilization and weed control on soilnutrient status and hybrid poplar growth

Optimizing growth of Populus through propermacro- and micro-nutrition and timing offertilization

To maintain weed control at Iroquois andBerwick, Ontario, tree plantations establishedin 1991 and 1992 under ENFOR

Impact and management of pest problems inshort rotation in poplar and willow

Pheromone-based monitoring system for gypsymoth in poplar stands and SRIC biomassplantations

University of Toronto Dr. L. ZsuffaToronto, Ontario

(No contractors involved. Work carriedout by Petawawa National ForestryInstitute.)

(No contractors involved. Work carriedout by Ontario Region.)

ESSA Technologies Ltd.Vancouver, British Columbia

(No contractors involved. Work carried outby Newfoundland and Labrador Region.)

Poulin, Theriault Inc.Québec City, Quebec



University of TorontoDr. R. GamblesToronto, Ontario

(No contractors involved. Work carried outby Forest Pest Management Institute.)

(No contractors involved. Work carried outby Forest Pest Management Institute.)

*P-432

*P-433

P-434

*P-435

*P-436

P-437

*P-438

*P-439

P-440

*P-441

P-442






Assessment of potential feedbacks to the globalcarbon cycle by Canadian forest ecosystemsin a changing, greenhouse-enhanced climate

Evaluation of the CBM–CFS by comparingdistributions in forest ecosystems of coastalBritish Columbia

A long term economic strategy for integratingfuelwood harvesting, silviculture and ruralsocio-economic development

Operational technology for energy biomassoperations in the Haut-Saint-Laurent regionof Quebec

Contribution of biomass harvesting to helpfinance silviculture

Maintenance of tree willow biomass plan-tations

Assessing the economic potential of “residual”forest biomass

Social, economic and environmental feasibilityof wood fuelled district heating in a remotenative community

Physical properties of dead and downed round-wood fuels in western and northern Canada

Application of CBM-CFS2 to annual assess-ments of forest carbon budgets at the regionaland provincial scales

Effect of converting old-growth forests to man-aged forests: Changes in the overstory andtotal site nutrient contents in chronose-quences of coastal B.C. forests

(No contractors involved. Work carried outby Maritimes Region, Petawawa NationalForestry Institute, Northwest Region,and Pacific and Yukon Region.)

ESSA Technologies Ltd. Vancouver, British Columbia

Forestry ExpertTruro, Nova Scotia

Institut de Recherche en BiologieVegétale

Sherbrooke, Quebec

(No contractors involved. Work carriedout by Laurentian Forestry Centre.)

Faculty of Forestry, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario

Ontario Forestry Centre and the OntarioMinistry of Natural Resources

Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario

Faculty of Forestry, University of TorontoToronto, Ontario

(No contractors involved. Work carriedout by Northern Forestry Centre.)

(No contractors involved. Work carriedout by Northern Forestry Centre.)

(No contractors involved. Work carriedout by Pacific Forestry Centre.)

P-443

P-444

P-445

P-446

P-447

P-448

P-449

P-450

P-451

P-452

P-453




23

ENFOR Project P-393

Does tree biotechnology have a roleto play in high-energy plantations?

P.J. Charest and A. SeguinIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 107–111.

In agriculture, plant biotechnology is playing anincreasingly important role. On the more conven-tional side, tissue culture has provided tools for therapid propagation of valuable genotypes and for thedevelopment of new techniques such as microsporeculture and somatic hybridization. Microspore cultureallows the production of haploid plants that can beinduced to become diploid and somatic hybridiza-tion permits the fusion of species that are naturallyincompatible. These techniques are now being appliedto trees such as poplars. On the more advanced side,recombinant DNA technologies have allowed thedevelopment of methods for genetic mapping of plantgenome and for genetic engineering to improve theexisting genotypes. Methods such as RFLPs (restrictionfragment length polymorphisms) and more recentlyRAPDs (random amplified polymorphic DNAs) havegiven the opportunity to develop markers for specificcharacters and to locate specific genes. Genetic mapsare available for tree species such as poplar and loblollypine. Recombinant DNA technologies have openedthe way to the manipulation of isolated genes and theirreintroduction into different genomes. In plants, geneticengineering has been used successfully to engineerresistance to insect pests and to fungal, viral, and bac-terial diseases. It has also been used to engineer flowersterility and to produce plants that could be used inbioremediation. With tree species, there are examplesof engineering of poplar for herbicide and insect-pestresistances. Spruce species have also been engineeredfor insect-pest resistance. Major efforts are also beingplaced on the manipulation of wood quality and theintroduction of flower sterility. For high energy plan-tations of poplar and aspen, biotechnology can playa role in providing new clones with improved charac-teristics, such as pest resistance and herbicide resis-tance. Significant resources are committed to this typeof approach in the United States through the TreeGenetic Engineering Research Cooperative based atOregon State University, Corvallis. Biotechnology canalso play a role by providing markers for conventional

tree improvement programs. Again, an example of thisexists in the United States with the Poplar MolecularGenetics Cooperative located in Seattle, Washington.

This paper is available from:P.J. CharestNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceScience Branch580 Booth Street, 7th FloorOttawa, OntarioK1A 0E4

ENFOR Project P-400

A long-term effect of N fertilization on the 13CCPMAS NMR of de-ashed soil humin in asecond-growth Douglas-fir stand of coastalBritish Columbia

C.M. Preston and R.H. NewmanGeoderma 68: 229-241 (1995)

Carbon-13 CPMAS NMR spectroscopy was usedto examine long-term effects of thinning and N fer-tilization on the humin fraction of soil organic matterin a second-growth Douglas-fir stand of coastal BritishColumbia. De-ashed organic-matter-enriched huminfractions were prepared from three mineral soil horizonsof four silvicultural treatments using 1.0 M HF accom-panied by a magnetic stir bar to remove ferromag-netic iron particles, followed by a density separation.With some exceptions a higher proportion of masswas recovered in the denser, light-colored fraction,and a higher proportion of C and N in the less-dense,dark fraction. In all cases, the less-dense fraction wasenriched in total C compared to the original crudehumin, and had a more favorable C/Fe ratio for NMRspectroscopy. The fraction of observable C was 33–37%for 8 of the samples, but as low as 7.6% for the remain-ing four. Carbon-13 CPMAS NMR spectra had typicalfeatures for humins (alkyl C, O-alkyl C, di-O-allkylC, aromatic C, and carboxyl, ester and amide C). Withfertilization, there was a small but consistent decreasein the ratio of alkyl to O-alkyl C, regardless of horizonor thinning, indicating a lower extent of decomposition.Carbon-13 subspectra based on proton spin relaxationtime (T1(1H)) were obtained for one fertilized and oneunfertilized sample. Subspectra of the slowly relaxing(long T1(1H)) domain were dominated by long-chain

Abstracts of Available Reports

alkyl C. For the fertilized sample, the subspectrum ofthe fast-relaxing (short T1(1H)) domain had a higherproportion of O- and di-O-alkyl C, consistent withresults from the normal CPMAS NMR spectra. Despitethe uncertainties introduced by the de-ashing treatmentand the low fraction of observable C, 13C CPMASNMR showed that fertilization has a long-term effect,which is reflected in this humin fraction.

This paper is available from:C.M. PrestonNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre506 West Burnside RoadVictoria, British ColumbiaV8Z 1M5

ENFOR Project P-410

Early testing for superior growthand fitness in hybrid poplar

G.D. Hogan, F.D. Beall, and K.R. BrownIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 21–27.

Interest in the planting of fast-growing trees, suchas hybrid poplar for biomass and fiber production isincreasing in Canada. This has created a demand forsuperior planting stock and is heavily dependent ontree-breeding programs. For breeding programs to beeffective, there is a need to decrease the time requiredto confirm superior growth characteristics of promisingclones and increase our understanding of the physio-logical and morphological characteristics that con-tribute to fast growth and fitness.

Early testing has sought to fill this void throughexaminations of early–mature relationships of a num-ber of mensurational, physiological, morphological,and biochemical indicators of fast growth with varyingdegrees of success.

Our research has been aimed at early testing of fastgrowth in 7 clones of hybrid poplar. Clones showedconsiderable variation in their seasonal height growthpatterns. NM6 exhibited a high growth rate early inthe season and maintained that rate until the cessationof height growth in mid-September. DN177 had alower growth rate in the early part of the growing sea-son, but continued height growth into late September.This “strategy” of growth season extension allowed

DN177 to make considerable height gains, but makesthis clone susceptible to frost. Examination of leaf-level gas exchange has been shown to be useful in termsof understanding tree process, and response, but sug-gests that this indicator is not well correlated with supe-rior performance.

Evidence from growth analysis indicates that leafinitiation rates can be significantly higher in fastergrowing clones, but that correlations between leafinitiation rate and 5-year heights from clonal site trials(CSTs) were not significant. This may be related todifferent clones possessing different strategies forfaster growth.

This paper is available from:G.D. HoganNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre1219 Queen Street EastP.O. Box 490Sault Ste. Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7

ENFOR Project P-410

Process modeling of hybrid poplar growth:Tool or toy?

F.D. Beall, G.D. Hogan, and K.R. BrownIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 29–38.

Models are becoming an important tool to all facetsof resource management. Models have been, or arebeing, developed to predict resource yields, insect pop-ulations, wildlife utilization and many other aspects ofresource management. A variety of modeling tech-niques are available and the strengths, weaknesses,and utility of various modeling approaches are brieflyreviewed.

A process model of first-year hybrid poplar growth,ECOPHYS, has been developed by researchers withthe U.S. Forest Service. The basic modeling unit ofECOPHYS is the leaf, where photosynthate produc-tion is calculated with an hourly time step. Photosyn-thate is distributed to other parts of the plant basedon a matrix of allocation coefficients. After deductingrespiratory losses, the photosynthate is convertedinto dimensional growth. Ongoing development ofECOPHYS includes modeling of belowground growth



and processes, simulating growth past budset in the firstyear, modeling the development of crown architecture,and modeling responses to environmental stresses.

Morphological and meterological data to validateECOPHYS were collected from 2 sites, Kemptvilleand Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, over 3 growing seasons.Physiological measurements were made on clonesgrown in the greenhouse and growth chambers at theCanadian Forest Service, Ontario Region [now CFSSault Ste. Marie]. The results of the validation showthat ECOPHYS overestimates the growth of the slowergrowing clones, underestimates the growth of thefaster growing clones, and provides the most accuratepredictions of the intermediate clones. Key morpho-logical and physiological clonal attributes includeleaf initiation and expansion rates, respiration rates,and carbon allocation patterns. These results will beused to illustrate potential applications of process mod-eling, including integration of research results, hypoth-esis development, prediction, and evaluation.

This paper is available from:F.D. BeallNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre1219 Queen Street EastP.O. Box 490Sault Ste. Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7

ENFOR Project P-411

Individual-tree biomass estimation—Where are we?

S. Ran, I. Morrison, and J.K. JeglumIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 93–97.

Regression analysis between tree component dryweight and tree dimensions has been considered one ofthe most widely used techniques for estimating indi-vidual tree biomass components. Tremendous effortshave been dedicated to the subject in the literatureduring the past few decades. In this paper, we firstreviewed some commonly used regression equations,and then attempted to discuss some problems andfuture research opportunities associated with the tra-ditional means for the development and applicationof the equations.

This paper is available from:S. RanNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre1219 Queen Street EastP.O. Box 490Sault Ste. Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7

ENFOR Project P-411

Sustainability of nutrient supply to short-rotation jack pine forests for energy

N. FosterIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 99–106.

The sustainability of nutrient supply to exten-sively managed jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., forbiomass production was estimated by applying thestatic mass balance approach to 8 stands representing arange of productivity classes. Biomass, nitrogen, phos-phorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium removalsby conventional and full-tree harvesting, after a nom-inal 40-year-rotation, were compared with potentialnutrient replenishment from precipitation and weath-ering of Canadian Shield minerals. Full-tree harvestingwould lower soil available-P levels except at sites withthe highest P inputs in precipitation and mineral weath-ering. Nitrogen replenishment, on the other hand,appeared sufficient to sustain full-tree harvesting on allbut the most productive sites. In general, only the basecation removals associated with full-tree harvestingof medium and high site-class forests exceeded basecation replenishment. Removal of forest floor N and Pby blade scarification exceeded nutrient replenishmentat all sites and removal of base cations could only besustained on sites with high nutrient inputs from pre-cipitation and weathering.

This paper is available from:N. FosterNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre1219 Queen Street EastP.O. Box 490Sault Ste. Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7

ENFOR Project P-412

Physiological and cellular studiesof nitrogen cycling in poplar

S. Wetzel, T. Beardmore, D. Burgess,and L. Sennerby-ForsseIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 85–90.

Laboratory studies have focused on understand-ing nitrogen (N) storage and retranslocation in poplar(Populus) trees. Growth unit studies using a fast-growing poplar clone (DN74) investigated differ-ences in storage deposition under stressed (low N)and non-stressed (high N) conditions. Abundant nitro-gen inputs resulted in less storage of triglycerides,starch, or protein when compared with stressed condi-tions. Considerable energy is therefore being expendedby the tree under stressed conditions to store nutrientsfor the following year’s growth. This can presumablybe manipulated through additional external inputs ofnutrients, such that the tree then spends more energy ongrowth rather than on overwintering nutrient storage.

Protein is the predominant form of nitrogen stor-age. Ongoing experiments are investigating how poplarplants respond to external nitrogen inputs during var-ious stages of growth and which treatments result inthe highest amounts of protein deposition. Degree ofprotein deposition is then being correlated to heightgrowth of the plants the following growing season.

This research will provide information on howbest to adapt fertilization practices of poplar plantationsin order to optimize uptake of externally applied nutri-ents and, at the same time, minimize negative environ-mental impacts.

This paper is available from:S. WetzelNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre1219 Queen Street EastP.O. Box 490Sault Ste-Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7

ENFOR Project P-414

Influence of fertilizer placement and formof nitrogen on the growth of hybrid poplarat a site in eastern Ontario

J.A. Baldock and D. BurgessIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 67–71.

Hybrid poplar plantations are intensively managedon short rotations in southeastern Ontario for fiberproduction, but few studies have focused on efficientfertilization techniques which optimize fertilizer useefficiency and growth. The potential benefits to plantgrowth of concentrating fertilizer in localized zoneswere demonstrated in agricultural research examiningthe production of annual crops. In 1991, a field exper-iment was initiated to determine the influence of fer-tilization, fertilizer placement, and form of nitrogen onthe growth of 3 hybrid poplar clones in a plantationin eastern Ontario. In the spring of 1989, cuttings(0.25 m long) were planted at a spacing of 2.4 m by3.6 m. At the start of the third growing season, a pre-mixed N, P, and K fertilizer was either broadcast orbanded between rows of trees at a rate of approxi-mately 200 kg N • ha-1, 150 kg P2O5 • ha-1, and 100 kgK2O • ha-1 using either urea or ammonium sulfate asthe dominant source of N. Tree heights and diametersmeasured prior to fertilization and annually for 4 yearsafter fertilization were used to calculate biomass pro-duction. Fertilization enhanced biomass production,and the magnitude of the increases became greaterwith time. At the end of the fourth growing season afterfertilization (6-year-old trees), biomass fertilizationenhanced biomass production by 60%–140%. Thetype of nitrogen applied had little effect on biomassproduction, but banding of fertilizer enhanced bio-mass production by 14%–30% relative to broadcastingfertilizer.

This paper is available from:D. BurgessNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServicePacific Forestry Centre506 West Burnside RoadVictoria, British ColumbiaV8Z 1M5



ENFOR Project P-419

Sludge fertilization of willow under short-rotation culture: Biomass productivity andenvironmental impact

M. Labrecque, T.I. Teodorescu, and S. DaigleIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 53–66.

Environmental impact of sludge fertilization andbiomass yield of pussy willow, Salix discolor Muhl.(Sd), meadow willow, S. petiolaris Sm. (Sp), and bas-ket willow, S. viminalis L. (Sv) grown under short-rotation culture (SRC) were investigated 2 years afterplantation. Willows were grown on 2 different mar-ginal sites, a loam clay soil and a clay soil at 2 densities:30 000 and 20 000 trees /ha. In the springs of 1993 and1994 4 doses of dried and granulated sludge, equivalentto 300 (T1), 200 (T2), 100 (T3), and 0 (T0) kg of“available” N/ha, were applied on the 2 sites where the3 Salix species were cultivated. A significant increasein production of dry matter of stem and branch produc-tion was observed for all willow species in sludge-fertilized plots. The yield of S. viminalis was greater inthe plots where the plantation density was high (30000).Generally, trees that received the highest amount ofsludge showed the best performance (Sd = 24.9 andSv = 30.1 tonnes of dry matter/ha). Salix discolor andS. viminalis produced similar amounts of biomassunder all plantation densities. In contrast, S. petiolarisgrew more slowly and was less productive under alltreatments. Willows species produced more biomasson loam clay soil conditions. Metal leaching at 1-mdepth was not influenced by sludge application, butnitrate-N level significantly increased in the highsludge-treated plots (T1, T2).

This paper is available from:M. LabrecqueInstitut de recherche en biologie végétaleJardin botanique de Montréal4101 Sherbrooke Street EastMontreal, QuebecH1X 2B2

ENFOR Project P-420

Economic assessment of short-rotationforestry and switchgrass plantations forenergy production in central Canada

P. Girouard, J.C. Henning, and R. SamsonIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 11–16.

Along with agricultural and forest residues, dedi-cated energy plantations could help to meet Canada’senergy needs. Resource Efficient Agricultural Pro-duction (REAP)-Canada, together with McGill Uni-versity, is involved in an on-farm participatory researchprogram in central Canada. The purpose of the programis to determine which factors are limiting biomassproductivity and cost-effectiveness for various biomasscrops. Two main crops are being investigated: willowtrees (Salix spp.) grown under a short-rotation forestry(SRF) system and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum),a perennial grass. This paper reports estimates of thecost of growing both crops in central Canada, based onquasi-commercial size plots, along with advantagesand disadvantages of each crop as an energy source.

Although no long-term field-scale yield data are atpresent available in central Canada to estimate pro-duction costs, significant information is available fromclimatically similar regions. If annual yields between7 and 11 odMg (oven-dried megagrams) are represen-tative of what can be achieved under rainfed conditions,the research indicates that SRF willow can be grownon marginal land in central Canada for $63–$95/odMg.

Switchgrass, a native, C4, perennial prairie grass,is recognized as a species that performs well on mar-ginal sites. This is a major advantage over other biomasscrops since most of the land available for biomassproduction in central Canada is lower quality land.First-year establishment costs of switchgrass areapproximately one-quarter those of SRF willow. Aswell, assuming that both switchgrass and SRF willowyield 10 odMg/ (ha • yr), the total cost of productionfor switchgass is estimated to be 30%– 40% less thanfor SRF willow.

The energy sector represents a promising marketfor biomass, but other markets, such as papermaking,need to be investigated if the full potential of thesenew crops is to be achieved.

This paper is available from:P. GirouardResource Efficient Agricultural Production(REAP) - CanadaP.O. Box 125Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QuebecH9X 3V9

ENFOR Project P-420

Short-rotation forestry andthe water problem

R. Samson and Y. ChenIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 43–49.

Significant research effort has been put into thedevelopment of short-rotation forestry (SRF) systemsfor growing energy crops, yet yields in field-scale trialshave generally been well below those predicted fromsmall plot trials. The major problem with yield in SRFsystems appears to be water-related. Most field-scaleyields in high-density plantings on productive landhave been in the 7–11 oven-dried tonne (ODT)/harange. This range is below the production level requiredfor SRF to become competitive as a dedicated energycrop in the foreseeable future. The 7–11 ODT/harange is similar to farm-scale yields being experi-enced with other C3 perennial agricultural crops grownfor forage, such as grasses or alfalfa. Midsummerwater deficits have been identified as a major yield-limiting factor for C3 perennial crops in northeasternNorth America. Monocultures of fast-growing wil-lows or poplars share this problem. The only realisticsolutions to the problem appear to be: (1) irrigate thetrees with waste water from municipalities or ruralfood-processing industries to increase yield; (2) growthe trees in windbreaks where higher growth ratesthan monoculture systems can be achieved and wherethe trees can increase farm revenues by increasingyields of adjacent cash crops; and (3) use SRF plantingsfor higher value markets, such as pulp, with the residuesused as energy.

This paper is available from:R. SamsonResource Efficient Agricultural Production(REAP)-CanadaP.O. Box 125Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QuebecH9X 3V9

ENFOR Project P-420

Technology evaluation and developmentof short rotation forestry for energyproduction. Annual report 1994–95

R. Samson, P. Girouard, Y. Chen, and J. QuinnResource Efficient Agricultural Production (REAP)-CanadaSte.-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec

Results are presented of a project to assess the bar-riers to development of short-rotation forestry (SRF)systems and to identify systems to overcome them.Four agroforestry experiments and three monocultureplantation sites of SRF are assessed. From an agron-omy standpoint, windbreak plantings appear to be themost promising system to enable farmer adoption ofthe technology. Growth rates in the first 3 years wereapproximately 1.6 m per year with destructive harvestsindicating annual yields of approximately 10–20 oven-dry Megagrams per hectare per year. Total SRF estab-lishment costs were $1574 and $1294 per hectare in1993 and 1994, respectively. In comparison, for switch-grass these costs were estimated to total $269/ha. Forboth SRF and switchgrass, biomass yield, harvesting,and transportation are key cost factors. The report sug-gests that for energy production, given current fossilfuel prices and current biomass production and con-version technology, the ability of biomass crops to sus-tain relatively high yields on unused/marginal farmland may determine if energy crops have a future inQuebec and Ontario.

This contract report is available from:Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceScience BranchENFOR Secretariat580 Booth StreetOttawa, OntarioK1A 0E4

ENFOR Project P-424

The status of production systemsfor energy forestry plantations

R.L. GamblesFaculty of Forestry, University of Toronto

This report reviews the current state of knowl-edge and technology in regard to the improvementof production systems for energy forestry plantations



worldwide, but with emphasis on applications toCanadian conditions. There are currently no dedicated,commercial energy forestry plantations in Canada,though prototype energy plantations have been estab-lished. Some aspects of production systems, such assite selection, brush removal and tillage, are well under-stood, but others require further research and devel-opment. If the trend to limit herbicide use continues,further research into mechanical weed control willbe required. There are still uncertainties in the area ofplantation design. Stock selection and availability arereceiving considerable attention. New clones withsuperior yields and high resistance to pest and diseaseattack should continue to be developed. The produc-tion of cuttings currently is a labor-intensive, manualoperation, and efficient machinery will be requiredfor extensive, commercial plantations. The best fer-tilizer regimes have yet to be determined. Harvestingmachinery for short-rotation poplar exists or is indevelopment. Coppice willow harvesters are available,and new equipment is being produced. The metho-dology of chipping is well understood, but more workis needed on drying of biomass particles. Existing for-eign production systems in most areas could be adaptedto Canadian energy forestry plantations, except inregard to stock availability and pest/disease control.

This contract report is available from:Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceScience BranchENFOR Secretariat580 Booth StreetOttawa, OntarioK1A 0E4

ENFOR Project P-426

Possibilities for the application of 13Cnuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyto biomass feedstocks and conversionprocesses

C.M. PrestonIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 131–142.

Utilization of biomass for combustion, thermo-chemical conversion, or fermentation requires appro-priate methods for its characterization. In addition tolow-molecular-weight extractables, materials such as

wood, bark, peat, leaves, and straw comprise heteroge-neous arrays of biopolymers including lignin, tannins,cellulose, hemicellulose and cutin. The traditionalmethods of “proximate analysis” are inadequate forsuch complex mixtures, while more recent develop-ments of near infrared spectroscopy rely on calibrationsfrom proximate analysis. The technique of 13C nuclearmagnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be usednon-destructively on solutions or powdered solids toobtain direct “fingerprints” of the distribution of car-bon types in heterogeneous materials. This can be atthe level of classes of carbon (e.g., aromatic, alkyl, car-boxyl), or more specific, such as quantitation of ligninand carbohydrates in wood. It has been extensivelyapplied to all types of fossil fuels. There is also anextensive literature on NMR of biomass, but virtuallyno applications in the context of biomass for energyuses. This presentation will illustrate the application ofNMR to some biomass materials and their constituentbiopolymers, and survey possibilities for NMR in stud-ies of biomass feedstocks and conversion processes.

This paper is available from:C.M. PrestonNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServicePacific Forestry Centre506 West Burnside RoadVictoria, British ColumbiaV8Z 1M5

ENFOR Project P-428

Analysis of the integrated productionof forest biomass and timber

L.-J. Lussier and R. BoutinInformation Report LAU-X-112 (1995)

This study proposes a method and some computertools to carry out a coherent, systematic analysis ofthe financial attractiveness of integrating the produc-tion of forest biomass into that of traditional forestproducts. The proposed general approach was appliedto hardwood and mixed stands in Common Area 1202of the publicly owned Quebec forest in the Lower St.Lawrence River Valley. The study follows the steps ofthe ECO-4 modular forest management software thatwas completely revised to accept equations predictingforest biomass. Results from simulation suggest that inthe case of Management Unit 12, the existence of a mar-ket for hardwood, combined with a reasonable trans-portation distance and easy trafficability, integrating

biomass recovery into the harvesting of traditionalforest products might be a highly interesting approach.

This information report is available(in French) from:Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceLaurentian Forestry Centre1055 rue du P.E.P.S.P.O. 3800Sainte-Foy, QuebecG1V 4C7

ENFOR Project P-429

Economics of forest biomass as a fuelor feedstock for energy

J. Robert and S. PneumaticosIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p.143.

Forest biomass contributes about 5-6% of Canada’sprimary energy. This contribution is mainly the result ofthe forest industry using its residues in energy-generationprocesses. Rural Canadians are also using fuelwood forresidential heating to save on purchased energy. Finally,independent companies have built generation units pro-ducing electricity (NUG’s) utilizing mill residues as theprimary fuel.

The search for additional sources of biomass forenergy production has prompted engineers and researchersto look at logging residues, unmerchantable tree species,and dedicated forest biomass plantations as possibilities.

The key to expanding the utilization of forest biomassas a renewable fuel or feedstock for energy processes is theoverall process economics. Under current and projectedenergy economics, it is difficult to justify expanding thebiomass fuel supply beyond the mill residue options.This could change if conventional energy prices were toincrease, or governments were to attribute environmentalcredits for the use of renewable energy sources.

Another opportunity may arise from the currentfiber shortage for pulping. It may be economically attrac-tive to establish and manage plantations for an integratedproduct mix of industrial fiber and energy. The technicalknow-how to sort white wood chips from plantation-grown material is available. Such synergy could helpthe economics of various plantation-utilization options.Energy plantations on their own may not be economical,

but forest plantations for integrated-product use canbecome economical and promote sustainable forestryin Canada.

This abstract is available from:Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceScience BranchENFOR Secretariat580 Booth StreetOttawa, OntarioK1A 0E4

ENFOR Project P-429

Willow biomass prototypefarms of the University of Toronto:Status and future plans

W.A. Kenney, R.L. Gambles, and B.J. VanstoneIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 17–19.

The development of willow biomass energy plan-tations is in the process of expanding from the phaseof small research plots to the establishment of larger-scale plantings. These larger plantings, or prototypefarms of 1 to 2 ha, are required to provide more accurateinformation on biomass yields and production costs.They will also serve as sites for demonstrating the poten-tial of this crop and for the testing of harvesting andother equipment. Eventually, they will provide a supplyof feedstock for prototype conversion facilities.

This paper discusses the challenges encounteredin the scale-up process for the establishment of theseprototype farms, their status, and future plans.

This paper is available from:W.A. KenneyFaculty of ForestryUniversity of Toronto33 Willcocks StreetToronto, OntarioM5S 3B3



ENFOR Project P-432

Review and assessment of geneticimprovement for Salicaceae(Phase 1 Final Report)

L. ZsuffaFaculty of Forestry, University of Toronto

The report provides an introduction to the classi-fication, silvics, and economic importance of poplarsand willows, as well as outlining the history of theircultivation and the types of plantations that have beenestablished. The main part of the report reviews geneticresearch and improvement studies on poplars andwillows worldwide, with particular emphasis on poplarbreeding programs in Canada and the U.S.A., as wellas breeding programs for willows, both tree-form andshrubby types, throughout the world. Molecular geneticstudies on willows are also discussed.

This contract report is available from:Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceScience Branch580 Booth StreetOttawa, OntarioK1A 0E4

ENFOR Project P-433

Impact of different initial spacingson the growth of the hybrid poplar DN74(Populus deltoides × P. nigra) in easternOntario

G.R. Larocque and J.A. BaldockIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 39–42.

A field experiment with the hybrid poplar cloneDN74 (Populus deltoides × P. nigra) was undertakenat the Petawawa National Forestry Institute to examinethe impact of initial spacing on individual tree growth.Cuttings obtained from the Ontario Ministry of Nat-ural Resources were planted in the nursery at 3 squarespacings in June 1990: 0.5 m, 1.0 m, and 1.5 m. Theexperimental design consisted of a Latin square with2 blocks. Thus, 6 replicates were implemented for eachspacing. Stem height and root collar diameter weremeasured after 4 growing seasons and 102 trees were

harvested for biomass determination, detailed stemand crown measurements, leaf area, and nutrient anal-yses. Soil samples were also collected at this time fornutrient content determination. Average root collardiameters of the largest or main stem originating fromindividual cuttings were 2.5 cm, 4.1 cm, and 4.6 cmafter 4 growing seasons in the 0.5-m, 1.0-m, and 1.5-mspacing treatments, respectively, and correspondingheights were 2.9 m, 3.4 m, and 3.1 m. Foliar and stemnutrient contents and leaf area measures will be used toevaluate the impact of competitive stress on the uptakeof site resources by individual trees within the 3 spac-ings, and how the use of resources relates to biomasspartitioning. Soil nutrient contents will indicate if treespacing affects nutrient reserves and availability.

This paper is available from:G.R. LarocqueNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceLaurentian Forestry Centre1055 rue du P.E.P.S.P.O. 3800Sainte-Foy, QuebecG1V 4C7

ENFOR Project P-435

20th-century carbon budgetof Canadian forests

W.A. Kurz, M.J. Apps, S.J. Beukemaand T. LekstrumTellus 47B, 1/2: 170-177 (1995)

Our analysis of the carbon budget of Canada’sforests (1920-1989) indicates that these forest ecosys-tems have been a C sink of approximately 0.2 Gt C yr-1.This result challenges the previously held assumptionthat forests not directly affected by land use make zeronet C contribution to the atmosphere. We attribute ourobserved C sink to a shift in the forest age-class struc-ture towards a greater average forest age. Forest dis-turbances, which largely determine Canadian forestdynamics on a time scale of decades, appear to havebeen less frequent in the period 1920–1970 than in pre-vious decades. They have, however, increased greatlyin recent years (1970–1989) and have contributed to adecrease in the C sink. Forests that are subject to large-scale fluctuations in natural disturbance regimes on atime-scale comparable to tree lifetimes do not appear toreach an equilibrium C-exchange with the atmosphereon these time-scales. Assessing C budgets of such forest

ecosystems requires an accounting of C dynamics forthe entire forest area, not merely for the portion that hasrecently been affected by anthropogenic disturbances.

This paper is available from:M.J. AppsNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceNorthern Forestry Centre5320 - 122 StreetEdmonton, AlbertaT6H 3S5

ENFOR Project P-436

An overview of the demand and supplyof domestic fuelwood in Newfoundland

P. TrelawneyIn: Proceedings of the Technical Session of the CanadianInstitute of Forestry, Newfoundland Section, 39th AnnualMeeting, Gander, Newfoundland, 2-3 November 1995.p. 67–78.

The paper provides a brief overview of the demand(consumption) and supply (acquisition) of fuelwoodon the island of Newfoundland, based on the results ofa household survey for the period 1993–1994. Thedemand for domestic fuelwood is significant in New-foundland. In fact, the annual per capita consumptionof fuelwood on the island is among the highest in theworld. The vast majority of fuelwood is harvested onCrown land and comprises softwoods. The demand fordomestic fuelwood poses a significant threat to thesustainable supply of timber and non-timber benefitson Crown land in Newfoundland.

This paper is available from:Natural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceAtlantic Forestry CentreP.O. Box 4000Fredericton, New BrunswickE3B 5P7

ENFOR Project P-438

Early response of hybrid poplarto phosphorus and potassium

P.D. Zwart, M.H. Miller, and J.A. BaldockIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 81–83.

The early response to phosphorus and potassiumnutrition of hybrid poplar clone DN76 grown fromcuttings was investigated in a greenhouse experiment.Soil known to be low in phosphorus was used as thegrowth medium. Phosphorus was added at levels of0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 µg/g of P. Potassium was addedat levels of 0 and 100 µg/g added K. After 9 weeksof growth, plants were harvested and separated intostems and leaves plus petioles. Roots of the highest andlowest P treatment were also harvested and washed. Dryweight and N, P, and K nutrient analysis was taken forthese plant components. There was no growth responseto added potassium. A large growth increase was seenfrom 0 to 15 µg/g added P; beyond this there waslittle change in dry mass although total accumulation ofphosphorus continued to increase indicating luxuryuptake. Shoot–root ratio remained constant across levelsof P; however, when P was deficient, both dry matterand phosphorus was selectively partitioned to theleaves at the expense of the stems. The critical concen-tration of young foliar P in hybrid poplar clone DN76was found to be 2.35 mg/g.

This paper is available from:P.D. ZwartUniversity of GuelphDepartment of Land Resource ScienceGuelph, OntarioN1G 2W1



ENFOR Project P-438

Effect of weed control and fertilizationon growth of hybrid poplar

P.D. Zwart, J.A. Baldock, M.H. Miller,and D. BurgessIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 73–79.

A field experiment assessing the effects of weedcontrol and fertilization on the growth of the hybridpoplar clone DN181 was established on a short-rota-tion plantation near Cornwall, Ontario. The goal of theexperiment was to find cultural practices that wouldshorten the time to harvest of the plantation. Experi-mental treatments were applied to an existing 2-year-old plantation in 1992 that had been sprayed yearlywith glyphosate. The effect of treatments on tree bio-mass and foliar nutrient concentration was assessedyearly. The target standard fertilizer rate was a one-time application of 200 kg • N ha-1, 150 kg P2O5 • ha-1,and 100 kg K2O • ha-1. Treatments with reduced ratesof N and P were also used. The treatments allowedus to assess the response to (1) annual weed control,(2) full rate of N, P, and K fertilizer, (3) reduced N rate,(4) reduced P rate, (5) banded versus broadcast P, and(6) banded versus broadcast K. Statistical analysisshowed significant treatment effects on biomass andfoliar nutrient concentration in all years. Weed controlwithout fertilizer improved biomass production signif-icantly and to the same extent as fertilizer withoutweed control. However, weed control and fertilizationtogether gave the best biomass yield. Broadcastingof P gave significantly higher biomass than bandingonly at the 10% probability level, and K placement hadno significant effect. Reducing N rate to approximatelyone-third of the standard rate did not significantlyreduce biomass, and the same is true for one-thirdstandard P rate. The best treatment yielded a biomassof 21 t • ha-1 in 5-year-old-trees, compared to 8 t • ha-1

for the control treatment.

This paper is available from:P.D. ZwartUniversity of GuelphDepartment of Land Resource ScienceGuelph, OntarioN1G 2W1

ENFOR Project P-439

Homology between vegetative and seedstorage proteins of Populus and detectionin tissue culture and grown plantlets

T. Beardmore, S. Wetzel, D. Burgess,and P.J. CharestPlant Physiology 102:160 (1993)

The 32- and 36-kD vegetative storage proteins ofpoplar are highly abundant in the apical and basal leaves,stem and roots from in vitro grown Populus plantlets.The 36-kD polypeptide is synthesized in the apicaland basal leaves, roots and stem. The 32- and 36-kDpolypeptides are found in the embryo and testa of thepoplar seeds and in Alnus crispa, Larix × eurolepis,Salix microstachya Turz. and in P. grandidentata,P. balsamifera, P. tremuloides, and P. deltoides seeds.The polypeptides decline in P. grandidentata seedsduring germination and seedling growth, suggestingthat the 32- and 36-kD polypeptides function not onlyas vegetative storage proteins but also as seed storageproteins. The polypeptides in both seeds and vegetativetissues have similar isoelectric points (pI 7.0-7.5),solubility (water soluble), and are glycosylated andexhibit identical protein fingerprinting patterns whenthe polypeptides are digested with endoproteinaseGlu-C. The only difference between the 32- and 36-kDpolypeptides in seeds and in vegetative tissue is thatthe seed polypeptides are disulphide bonded.

This paper is available from:S. WetzelNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre1219 Queen Street EastP.O. Box 490Sault Ste. Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7

ENFOR Project P-439

Molecular biology of tree nutrient storage

S. WetzelIn: Charest, P.J.; Duchesne, L.C. (comps.). 1995.Recent progress in forest biotechnology in Canada.Information Report PI-X-120. p. 29–35.

Studies on the molecular biology of nutrient stor-age in trees have largely dealt with nitrogen storageand retranslocation. Vegetative storage proteins, which

are storage forms of reduced N, are prevalent in manyforest species and are an ideal target for tree improve-ment at the molecular level. Vegetative storage proteinshave been correlated to nutrient cycling, fast growth,winter hardiness, and dormancy. They are found inbark, wood, roots, and leaves and comprise over 25%of total soluble protein in these tissues of many species.An understanding of vegetative storage protein genesand their expression could lead to use of these genesfor genetic transformation experiments with the aimof manipulating such characteristics as biomass pro-duction, rate of spring growth, frost hardiness, nutrientcycling, and resistance to pathogens.

This report is available from:S. WetzelNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre1219 Queen Street EastP.O. Box 490Sault Ste. Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7

ENFOR Project P-439

Nutrient deposition in Populus cuttings,plantlets and callus under differentnitrogen regimes

S. Wetzel, T. Berry, and L. Sennerby-ForssePhysiologia Plantarum 85: 485 (1992)

Dormant woody Populus cuttings were placed inwater, allowed to flush, and green shoots cut and rootedin peat/vermiculite in growth chambers. Nitrogen wasapplied at a rate of either 4% or 8% relative additionrate. Cuttings were grown under 16 h days simulatingactive vegetative growth for 6 weeks. Following this,conditions were modified to induce dormancy. RootedPopulus plantlets which were generated by directorganogenesis were grown under two nitrogen regimes.From these plantlets, root, shoot, and stem sectionswere isolated and callus was induced. The effect ofthe different nitrogen regimes on the levels of lipids,protein, and starch, as well as on the amino acid com-position, was analyzed. In particular, the ability of thenitrogen regimes to induce the synthesis of the 32 and36 kD vegetative storage protein was shown.

This poster paper is available from:S. WetzelNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre1219 Queen Street EastP.O. Box 490Sault Ste. Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7

ENFOR Project P-439

Storage compound in Populus cuttings inresponse to two different nitrogen regimes

S. Wetzel, L. Sennerby-Forsse, and D. BurgessIn: Nilsson, L.O.; Hüttl, R.F.; Johansson, U.T. (eds.). 1995.Nutrient uptake and cycling forest ecosystems. KluwerAcademic Publishers. p. 677–685.

Green cuttings of two Populus clones (DN 17 andDN 74) were rooted in peat/vermiculite in growthchambers and nitrogen supplied using a relative addi-tion rate (RA) of either 4% or 8%. Growth chamberconditions were modified to induce active growthfollowed by dormancy and, finally, another cycle ofactive growth. During each of these three phases, totalbiomass and nitrogen, and protein, starch and triglyc-eride concentrations of leaf, shoot, and root tissueswere measured.

Treatment differences in response to N occurred inall tissues. Protein concentrations did not mirror totalN concentrations and clonal differences in proteinconcentrations were more obvious than treatment dif-ferences. Root protein concentrations increased sharplyafter dormancy, indicating strong sink strength. Starchvalues were higher under low N treatments duringgrowth for the shoot and leaves. Roots showed a largeincrease in starch concentrations during dormancy,treatment differences being significant. Triglyceridelevels showed treatment differences in roots, empha-sizing their role as a potential storage compound.Overall, during dormancy, protein and triglyceride con-centrations are higher in the shoot as compared withtotal nitrogen and starch, which are more concentratedin the roots.



This paper is available from:S. WetzelNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre1219 Queen Street EastP.O. Box 490Sault Ste. Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7

ENFOR Project P-441

Canker diseases that limit theestablishment of energy plantations

M. Hubbes and D. LinIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 127–130.

Intensive cultivation systems of energy plantationswith narrow spacings and genetically uniform plantmaterial create favorable conditions for disease devel-opment. Pathogens of minor importance but endemicto the geographic location of the plantations systemsmay suddenly limit the economic success of theseplantations.

From 1976 to 1982 a disease survey of 13 hybridpoplar plantations, 3 arboreta, and 2 nurseries wasconducted in Ontario with the objective of obtaininginformation on pathogen frequency, disease severity,and pathogen life cycles. Although leaf diseases suchas Marssonina brunea or Melampsora spp. can causesevere defoliation on certain clones, canker diseases onstems and branches are the most destructive. Septoriacanker, dothichiza canker, and cytospora canker are themost significant. Hypoxylon canker is mainly foundon aspen. Of all the cankers, septoria canker is at pre-sent the most serious. It has severely damaged ordestroyed many hybrid poplar plantations in NorthAmerica. During the study period, no septoria cankerwas found in eastern Ontario. However, an increase inseptoria leaf spot and canker was observed in 1984and 1985, and the disease incidence by this canker isgrowing. To secure sustainable biomass productionby fast-growing poplar hybrids, clones that are resis-tant to septoria canker are urgently required. Strategies,methods, and results are given to achieve this goal.

This paper is available from:M. HubbesFaculty of ForestryUniversity of Toronto33 Willcocks StreetToronto, OntarioM5S 3B3

ENFOR Project P-441

Pest problems on immature poplarand willow in Ontario and their potentialthreat to plantations

A.A. Hopkin and W. CheliakIn: Karau, J. (comp.). 1996. Proceedings of the CanadianEnergy Plantation Workshop, Gananoque, Ontario,2–4 May 1995. Natural Resources Canada,Canadian Forest Service, Ottawa. p. 113–126.

Information on the historical occurrence and dis-tribution of pests in Ontario from 1950 to present isarchived in a relational database (FIDSINFOBASE).The occurrence of insects, diseases, and abiotic damageon immature trees was determined for willow species(Salix spp.) and the following species of poplar: trem-bling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), black poplar(P. nigra L.), largetooth aspen (P. grandidentata Michx.),European white poplar (P. alba L.), balsam poplar(P. balsamifera L.), cottonwood (P. deltoides Bartr. exMarsh.), and Carolina poplar (Populus ×canadensisMoench). The distribution of pests was also determinedbased on the forest region, Boreal forest (BF) versusGreat Lakes– St. Lawrence forest (GLF) types.

Common damaging pests on immature poplars andwillows throughout Ontario are frost, forest tent cater-pillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) and the large aspentortrix (Choristoneura conflictana [Wlk]). Gypsy moth(Lymantria dispar [L.]) and the imported willow leafbeetle (Plagiodera versicolora Laich.) were commonlycollected in the GLF. Stem-boring insects (Cryptor-hynchus lapathi [L.]; Janus abbreviatus [Say]) andcytospora canker (Valsa sordida Nitschke) were alsocommon on both willow and poplar. On willow otherdefoliators of immature trees include the mourning-cloak butterfly (Nymphalis antiopa [L.]), sawflies(Nematus spp.), leaf beetles (tricholochmaea decoradecora [Say]; Isochnus rufipes [LeConte]) and theleaf rust Melampsora epitea Thüm. Other damagingpests on willow included the stem disease Glomerellacingulata (Stonem.) Spaulding & Schrenk, and willowscab (Venturia saliciperda Nüesch).

On poplar species the Bruce spanworm (Operoph-tera bruceata [Hulst]), leaf blights (Ciborinia whetzelii[Seaver] Seaver; Marssonina spp.; Linospora tetras-pora G.E. Thompson; Venturia spp.) and conifer-aspenleaf rust (Melampsora medusae Thüm.) are commonlyoccurring foliar pests found throughout the province.Poplar borer (Saperda calcarata [Say]) and septoriacanker (Mycosphaerella populorum G.E. Thompson)were common stem problems. Satin moth (Leucomasalicis L.) was collected in the GLF on most poplarspecies. On trembling aspen the American aspen beetle(Gonioctena americana [Schaeff.]), aspen twoleaf tier(Enargia decolor [Wlk.]) were common foliar pests.Commonly occurring stem pests included hypoxyloncanker (Hypoxylon mammatum [Wahlenb.] P. Karsten)and bronze poplar borer (Agrilus liragus [B. & B.]).Cottonwood and Carolina poplar, found only in theGLF, were also affected by the leaf beetle Chrysomelascripta Fabricius.

This paper is available from:A.A. HopkinNatural Resources CanadaCanadian Forest ServiceGreat Lakes Forestry Centre1219 Queen Street EastP.O. Box 490Sault Ste. Marie, OntarioP6A 5M7


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